Actively promote the construction of gas infrastructure

First, actively promote the catalog revision approved , the State Council approved the partial decentralization of natural gas pipeline approval authority and the establishment of local provincial pipeline network and other infrastructure planning filing system. Second, efforts to conduct non- oil and gas reservoirs Hydraulic Fracturing Proppant Underground Gas Storages census screening and evaluation. The third is to accelerate the underground gas storage and other storage facilities approved work to ensure that gas storage facilities and pipelines Unicom . The fourth is to encourage the development of the country engaged in LNG import projects , the required domestic production of imported equipment can not be exempted from import duties within the specified range. Fifth, encourage inter-provincial pipeline network interconnection . Six are actively exploring strategic reserves of natural gas . Seven is based on coastal natural gas terminal layout , strengthen the interface and port planning , supporting the construction of the port unloading interim storage and transportation facilities , good navigation safety impact assessment and shoreline use approval work . Eight major projects is to strengthen social risk assessment maide natural gas fracturing efforts . Nine is to continue to press the " State Council to encourage and guide the healthy development of private investment in a number of opinions "  requires the active support of the construction of private equity capital for natural gas storage facilities and urban pipeline network .

ultra lightweight proppant two kinds of classification methods

A wide variety of synthetic resin paint, there are ultra lightweight proppant two kinds of classification methods:
(1) according to the main film forming material classification
Due to the resin is different and each has its characteristics (table 1). Alkyd resin coating production of the largest, fastest growing acrylic resin coatings, amino resin coating, epoxy resin coating, polyurethane coating production is bigger also, this is constitute the five varieties of synthetic resin coating.
(2) the classification according to the oil well fracking with the dispersion medium
Can be divided into three categories of solvent, water type, no solvent (table 2). Solvent-based coating production of the largest, widely used, but because of the need to use a large number of organic solvents, environmental pollution, are being high solid coatings, water type coatings, powder coatings and radiation curing coating gradually replaced. Sometimes call this a few kinds paint coating of saving energy and low pollution, save resources, is the coating product of new variety.

Hydraulic fracturing benifits

hydraulic fracturing benefits is a widely used technology transformation permeability reservoir . Since the eighties of last century , with the development of the oil industry , the need to increase the complexity of the transformation of the reservoir , it is recognized that a single plane of crack theory can not satisfactorily explain some of the construction parameters of the construction of the theory ; variety of detection methods prove underground cracks on the transverse or longitudinal extension of multiple simultaneously , which is caused by the reasons for the early sand plug and add sand construction failures ; currently on theoretical models and more cracks less . Therefore, an urgent need to study the formation mechanism of multiple fractures , multiple fracturing fluid , etc. while extending the model to study and understand the pros and cons exist multiple fractures , multiple fractures extending construction abnormal pressure , cracks and more cracks in the case of extended form, early sand blocking mechanism etc. , and thus provide for the elimination of multiple fractures theoretical support to guide people to the smooth transformation of low permeability , complex reservoirs . On the other hand , it will enhance people's understanding of the mechanism of fracturing , and promote the development of basic theory. Theory is the theory of multiple natural gas fracturing forefront of hydraulic fracturing theory, research more difficult , facing a lot of problems

Resin coated frac sand as the proppant

Resin coated frac sand as the proppant stimulation mechanism for hydraulic fracturing , the coated particles of the resin is filled in by generated maide fracturing proppants adhesion in the contact point region , a fairly stable and has a certain mechanical strength and permeability of the structure in the fracture . Electron microscopy samples found completely coat the surface of the particles of the resin after curing , the adhesive strength and in the section between the larger particles , which not only eliminates the high stress concentrations , but also to prevent the resin -coated high stress Ying produce fine grain under free . In short , the main reason for the resin coating as maide ceramic proppant sand proppant are the following : a resin-coated sand proppant can be prevented and the discharge tube or cracks around the proppant emptying . Deformable resin coating to avoid and prevent proppant crushing softer formations embedded . Tough coating having chemical stability oil , saline, and most of the acid. Resin-coated sand in the closure stress and temperature effects , fixed cracks in favor of oil production . Laboratory experiments on the physical characteristics of the resin coated sand were evaluated.

hydraulic fractures in the reservoir condition , the coating softens and adjacent coated particles adhesive layer , and finally cured resin hardens into non- plastic state , particle

Proppant most widely used

Proppant fracturing fluid into and supported by fracturing the formation of cracks, thereby effectively import of oil and gas wells, a substantial increase oil and gas production and extend well life. Structural performance Proppant to have a certain size and grade distribution of natural sand or synthetic high-strength ceramic particles. China proppant (ceramic proppant) with bauxite as raw material by powder granulation, sintering, high temperature, high pressure, corrosion resistance, high strength, high conductivity, low density, low breakage rate, etc. , the most widely used. In the resin-coated sand or ceramic surface, it is possible to further improve the strength and conductivity properties of the ceramic proppants.especially large-scale enterprise production. Domestic demand for oil continues to increase, dependence on foreign oil continues to increase. In order to meet the increasing domestic demand for oil, the oil industry has developed rapidly. Correspondingly related products is rapidly expanding. China's oil fracturing proppant suppliers industry at this time, the relatively rapid development, market growth rate reached 20%. 2009, China's oil fracturing proppant industry investment amount 470 million yuan, in 2011 increased to 620 million yuan, an average annual growth rate of over 13%.

China's ceramic proppant

China's ceramic proppant industry market concentration is low at present, China's ceramic proppant manufacturing enterprises large enterprises small, mostly small-scale manufacturers, has a monopoly position in the leading brands of very few on the market monopoly is not proppants for hydraulic fracturing strong enough. Market structure of ceramic proppant industry presents a low degree of concentration conditions, product diversification gradually increased. The first step is to enterprises with more than 100 million yuan in annual sales, a small number of such enterprises; second step is the annual sales of between 10 million yuan to 1 billion business, a relatively large number of medium-sized firms, accounting about 25% of the total number ceramic proppants of enterprises; while the largest number of 10 million yuan below the small-scale enterprises, we can say plenty of room for market growth, companies with good prospects. Third, the ceramic proppant industry technology development of China at present, China fired ceramic kiln incineration process commonly used to prepare material its matching, sludge dewatering, drying, resin coated proppant grinding, kiln into a ball, the kiln into a ball fired thermal screening classification, control of raw materials testing, finished product to detect and adapt to their firing technology, equipment, automation and control, has mature experience.

Role of ceramic proppant

Ceramic proppants oil, a key material of low permeability gas exploration fracturing oil and gas wells, in good macroeconomic policy, ceramic proppant products in the future natural gas fracturing exploration and development of oil and gas wells in applications will be more widely used , in line with national industrial policies. Accelerate local economic development, through the development of energy, increase investment, the development of new application technology, led a complete industrial chain of circular economy and building a harmonious society has become the primary task of the various local governments. Ceramic proppant has played an important natural gas fracking role in the application of oil and gas wells, not only to increase oil and gas production, and can extend the service life of oil and gas wells. Therefore, from the ceramic proppant developed technology, the practical application point of view, there is a very good market space, in line with the relevant policies of local governments.
           

Relationship with crude oil proppant acidification of compatibility

In the production of oil proppant time, another serious problem is the reaction of formation fluid is crude oil with an acid to remove residual oil phase can increase the effectiveness of the acid system. Some oils, in particular black heavy oil (<30'APl) and an acid or acid forming slag (precipitated asphalt), either to form a stable emulsion. Moore et al (1965) reported the problem, and give a solution. Sometimes slag breaker agent and does not prevent the formation of a stable emulsion formation. Houchin and Hudmn (1986) discussed similar issues exist organic deposition. Recent resin coated proppant studies have shown, how to prevent the reaction of the acid and the crude acid residue and more stable emulsion. Some "difficult" crude oil between the crude oil and the need to use a hydrocarbon solvent, an acid buffer, crude oil, and the acid can be miscible. Buffers to reduce exposure of crude oil and an acid, and prevent or reduce the acid sludge and emulsion problems. This technique, In Wyoming oilfield construction will increase the success rate from 25% to 75%.
Due to the pressure drop, the asphalt particles will settle. Mutual solvent can be used to partially or completely ceramic proppant disperse them. This action will help to better dissolve the acid-soluble acid solid. To an already oil-based mud competing well well before acidified with an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent pre-soaked conducive flowback. Formulations mutual solvent and surfactant solution can be used as a pre-rinse solution, to restore the formation of water-wet condition.
reported the use co, as a pre-construction solution on acidification has many benefits, helps to reduce the amount of acid to achieve the desired success increase. This type of solution has been demonstrated in the pre-core studies, can improve oil displacement efficiency and improve the flow of the oil.
            

Ceramsite proppant, production method

ceramic proppant is oil, natural gas extraction in the process of fracturing operation to support the solid particles of rock joints with certain strength.

  During the fracturing operation process, proppant mixed with fracturing, using high pressure means will be injected into the deep rock crevices, forming high permeability channel, so that the oil or gas outflow from the cracks.

  The practice proved that, the use of high aluminum proppant fracturing wells can increase the yield of 30 ~ 50%, the service life can be extended well.