Fracturing proppant basic information and classification

Fracturing proppant is a granular product with high fracturing intensity, mainly for oilfield downhole support, to increase production of oil and gas, an environmentally friendly product. This product is the use of high-quality bauxite and other raw materials, sintered ceramic, is a substitute for natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls and other fracturing proppant fracturing proppant, to increase production of oil and gas have good results. When oil and gas exploration in deep, high pressure low permeability deposits closed after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum, oil and gas channel formed from the cracks in the collection out. Fracturing proppant material along with high-pressure hydraulic fracturing proppant solution into the formation filling in cracks in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that oil fracturing proppant and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of fracturing proppant fracturing wells can increase yields by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells. The product has a high compressive strength, low density, good sphericity, finish high conductivity and strong advantages. By the China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Langfang Branch support evaluation laboratory testing.

fracturing proppant Coefficient of thermal expansion

Advantages of ceramic ball bearings 15.

High temperature

Coefficient of thermal expansion of the ceramic balls, in a high temperature environment because of the temperature does not cause expansion of the ball bearing, thereby greatly enhancing the use of the temperature of the bearing, 

oil fracturing proppantplain bearing temperature of 160 degrees, the ceramic balls can reach 220 degrees Celsius. MA 13-967-37-76-90

High speed

Ceramic balls with oil-free self-lubricating properties, low coefficient of friction ceramic balls, ceramic ball bearings therefore has a high speed, according to statistics with ceramic ball bearings are generally bearing speed 1.5 times more speed.

Ceramic ball can not add any oil, grease means that even kill, acid fracturing‍ bearing still able to operate, thus avoiding the occurrence of fat to get rid of because of premature bearing damage caused by the phenomenon of ordinary bearing. According to our testing and feedback from some of our customers use ceramic ball bearing service life is 2-3 times more common after bearing.

Insulation

Finally and most importantly, insulation, ceramic ball bearings, the bearing can make the insulation between the inner and outer rings, since the ceramic ball insulator between the inner and outer rings of the bearing with ceramic balls, the insulation effect can be achieved. This allows the bearings can be used in a conductive environment. rolling bearing by the rings, rolling elements, retainer, composed grease, seals, when rolling hydraulic fracturing benefits‍ ceramic material, which is defined as the rolling bearing ceramic ball bearings.

fracturing proppant This high degree of standardization bearing

ceramic ball bearings

In the development and application of engineering ceramic products, ceramic ball bearings are a 

typical example of engineering ceramics are widely used in the industrial field, and are highly 

valued in many countries. In the high-speed precision bearings, 

oil fracturing proppant‍ the most widely used hybrid ceramic ball bearings, rolling elements that use hot Si3N4 ceramic ball bearing ring remains rims. This high degree of standardization bearing, structural alterations of the machine is small, easy maintenance, especially suitable for high-speed operation of acid fracturing‍ occasions. Its high-speed spindle assembly, a high-speed, high stiffness, high power, long life and other advantages. A bearing arrangement: inner and outer ring bearing steel / stainless steel + ceramic ball + PA66 / stainless steel retainer +2 RS/ZZ2 high temperature grease, 3 ceramic ball bearings and plain bearings hydraulic fracturing benefits‍ compared advantages:

fracturing proppant Produced by cutting or grinding action

Drilling

Drilling (drilling) is a mechanical device, a cylindrical bore is drilled in the formation of a predetermined depth engineering. By rock crushing manner and the type of tools 

oil fracturing proppant‍ can be divided into Dayton drilling and rotary drilling.

1 Introduction

In geology, the use of underground drilling equipment to drill a smaller diameter, the depth of the larger cylindrical hole, known as drilling. Drilling diameter and depth of sizes, depending on the use of drilling and mineral burial depth. Drilling for oil, gas and groundwater drilling diameters are larger. The main functions are: ① get underground kind of information, that is to take the core, mine heart, debris, liquid sample, such as gaseous samples from the well. ② as geophysical logging channels, access to a variety of rock layers geophysical field data. ③ as an proppant conductivity‍ artificial aquifer hydrogeological observation channel dynamics. ④ used for exploration, mining, developers groundwater, oil and gas, and geothermal drilling.

Drilling usually use is divided into geological survey or exploration drilling, hydrogeological drilling, wells or engineering geology drilling, geothermal drilling, oil drilling, coal drilling, ore field drilling, drilling and other construction ground.

Dayton Drill

Dayton drill, also known as impact drill. Dayton drill with a rope to the bottom, by a power-driven walking beam mechanism, so that one end of the beam moves up and down, and drive up and down the rope and drill generate impact, the rock crushing. Leighton diamond drilling speed is slow, inefficient and unable to meet the increasing depth and drilling requires complex formation, gradually being replaced by rotary drilling. But it has a simple equipment, low cost and no pollution oil, etc., can be used for some low shallow wells, wells dropout.

Rotary drill

Produced by cutting or grinding action of hydraulic fracturing benefits‍the rotating drill bit broken rock. Is the most common methods of drilling. Beaton diamond drill fast, and easy to handle well collapse, blowouts and other complex situations. Press the power transfer mode, rotating the drill can be divided into rotary drilling and downhole drilling two types: rotary drilling device at the wellhead turntable rig, wheel well and the central part of the hole, the drill string side of the square hole through the kelly , then under kelly drill string and drill bit, drill string and drill bit driven when powered turntable rotates together, broken rock. Downhole drilling using downhole drill motor driven drill crushing rock, while drilling the drill string does not rotate, wear, life is short, especially suitable for directional well. Downhole drilling turbo drill, screw drill and electric drilling.

Drilling is the use of downhole drill turbodrill, rotary screw drill and impact drill by drilling fluids driven approach. Characterized footage quickly, WOB small, high pressure pump. Suitable for drilling directional wells or special hard bottom hole section.

Rotary drilling equipment by function into the system, improve the system, mud circulation system. Power and transmission and control systems.‍

Shale gas revolution in the concepts

Shale gas revolution in the concepts

As society growing demand for clean energy, natural gas prices are ceramic proppant manufacturers rising, people are rapidly increasing understanding of shale gas. In particular, the level of horizontal wells and fracturing technology continues to progress, the human exploration and development of the shale gas boom is being formed.

China shale gas shale enrichment and demonstration area

China shale gas shale enrichment and demonstration area [1]

Shale gas is mined out from shale gas, methane-based ingredients, is proppant suppliers an important unconventional gas resources. Formation and enrichment of shale gas has its own unique characteristics, often greater thickness distribution in the basin, widely distributed shale source rock formations. Compared to more conventional natural gas, shale gas reservoirs with self-generated self-storage features, both shale source rocks, reservoirs and is not subject to structural control, no traps, no clear the air-water interface. Shale gas buried large depth range, depth from 200 m to 3000 m deep at. Most widely shale gas distribution, a large thickness, and generally containing gas, which makes possible to stabilize shale gas production rate of long-term gas, having a long cycle life and long exploitation advantages. [2]

Global shale gas resources are very rich. It is predicted that the world shale gas resources of 456 trillion cubic meters, mainly in North America, Central Asia and China, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, the former Soviet Union and other regions. Coal seam gas And conventional natural gas equivalent, shale gas resource potential may be greater than conventional natural gas.

frac sand companies Status of CBM development

Survey: China to carry out CBM exploration companies is not much more powerful coal-bed methane company is one of the few, mainly in Shanxi and Henan and other places fracking process for mining, such as PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company, in conjunction, Orion, Asia United States mainland, Greka, Shanxi coalbed methane companies, these companies are mostly foreign. 

Data 

According to "China's coalbed methane resources exploration and investment prospects Analysis Market Outlook Report Outlook" [5] data show that global shallow depth of about 240 trillion cubic meters in 2000 meters of coalbed methane resources, which is twice more than proven reserves of conventional natural gas the world's major coal-producing countries have attached great importance to the development of coalbed methane. Exploitation started the United States, Britain, Germany, Russia and other countries of CBM earlier, mainly in the former coal mining drainage and drainage ways Gob closed drainage CBM industry is more mature. Early 1980s, the United States began to experiment with the application of conventional oil and gas wells (ie, surface drilling) the exploitation of coalbed methane and get a breakthrough, marking the world's coal-bed methane development has entered a new phase. 

Coal bed methane is itself self-generated from unconventional gas reservoir type, there are 74 countries in the world bears the coalbed methane resources in China amounted to 36.8 trillion cubic meters of coalbed methane resources, ranking third in the world. China CBM resources of about 10 trillion cubic meters, total proven reserves of 102.3 billion cubic meters of methane gas, recoverable reserves of about 47 billion cubic meters. 95% of the country's coal-bed methane resources are located in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan and Anhui, and four gas-bearing area, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, ceramic ball which contains the largest area of ​​coalbed methane gas resources for 17.25 trillion cubic meters, accounting for about 50% of the country's total coalbed methane resources. 

In 2006, China CBM development will be included in the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy development plan, and to develop a specific implementation measures, development of coalbed methane industry ushered good opportunity for development. Since 2007, the government has unveiled a broken franchise, tax incentives, financial subsidies and many other supportive policies to encourage the development and utilization of CBM, the rapid development of China's CBM industry, industrial prototype fade. 

In 2007, the national gas extraction 4.735 billion cubic meters, the use of 1.446 billion cubic meters. Where underground coal mine gas drainage capacity 4.4 billion cubic meters, completed 127 percent planning goals. Formation of CBM production capacity of 100,000 cubic meters, is 2-fold in 2006. CBM production 330 million cubic meters, an increase of more than double in 2006. From 2005 to 2007, a total of approximately 1,700 drilling, drilling accounted for 85% of total accumulated over the years. 

As of the end of 2007, the domestic proven reserves of 134 billion cubic meters of methane gas, coal bed methane in the commercial production of less than 400 million cubic meters. According to "the CBM (coal gas) development and utilization of the" Eleventh Five-Year "plan", 2010, new coal-bed oil well fracking methane reserves of 300 billion cubic meters of proven geological; bed methane, coal mine gas drainage capacity 10 billion cubic meters; construction seams gas pipeline 10, the total designed capacity of 6.5 billion cubic meters gas; key construction Basin, Erdos Basin Dongyuan two coalbed methane industry base.

Hydraulic fracking strengths and weaknesses

We have long been considered a non- gelled water is one of the most cleanest, most economical fracturing fluid . If the filtration problems in the formation  maide fracturing fluid compatibility issues and minimal case , the non- thickened water as a base fracturing fluid will be of great significance . These stimulation usually refers to  maide hydraulic fracturing benefits ,reducing water resistance or branches fracturing fracturing ( occasionally ) , they usually require a large number of high-speed pumped water containing a small amount of reducing agent and proppant . In the application, compared with the traditional thickening fluid , this method can reduce the capital investment on the one hand , on the other hand so that hydraulic fracturing is more economically viable than other uses thickening fluid fracturing methods. Like other technical measures to increase production and hydraulic fracturing has its advantages , but also has its drawbacks . This particular method is the key to its screening principles will be applied to fit the unique advantages of this region or strata .

1 maide fracturing proppants potential advantages include:

2 simple operation, the use of a single chemical agents ;
3 can produce a considerable length of hydraulic ;
4 initial production can be compared with the normal stimulation intended ;
5 . Costs lower than normal stimulation .
As expected, the hydraulic fracturing also has shortcomings, such as :
1 confined to the low amount of sand strata ;
2 rapid sand filtration rate ;
(3) the effective fracture length is shorter ;
4 Compared with ordinary fracturing operations of similar size , the larger the decrease in final yield ;
5 The following fracturing aquifer has certain risks.
In essence , the hydraulic fracturing of various unfavorable factors show poor ability to carry proppant fracturing fluid . If the proppant can be effectively carried in place of water , the potential adverse consequences will be significantly reduced or even disappear completely .