The main problem with the limited development of ceramic proppant industry

Since the "15", especially since China's accession to WTO, ceramic proppant problems facing the industry, more and more competitive market can not meet the need for rapid development of the national economy, their situation can not meet the complex market competitive situation. In recent years, ceramic proppant suppliers within the industry to strengthen exchanges and foreign exchange industry, whether it is the industry compared with other countries in the same industry, or in contrast to the Bank's trade with each other, are exposed to the problems and gaps, These problems must be taken seriously in the future.
1, due to the rigidity of the capital increase and other reasons, the difficulty of application technology research and development funds greater coordination and scheduling;
2, individual land approval procedures and technology enterprises are still the bottleneck of industrial development.
3, enterprise development diseconomies of scale: the industry to small and medium scale enterprises are mainly based, industry concentration is not high.
4, a short time into the rapid growth of industry manufacturers. Manufacturers not only increase overall economic indicators ceramic ultra lightweight proppant industry contributed, but also for the needs of the market and make a contribution. But in this situation rapidly growing market of high-end products, possession and no growth, but is foreign suppliers call came. Similar products, backward technology is still in the market place. Ceramic proppant product quality is still low-end products, while its negative impact is the impact on the development of some enterprises, affecting the industry, there is the potential ability of the business bigger, doing fine, and stronger, this phenomenon is the inevitable price to generate the primary segment of the market economy, it will also be with the improvement and standardization of market economy and move to a more uncertain market.

Analysis of ceramic proppant industry and export status

According to Chinese customs statistics, from 2005 to 2007 of ceramic proppant exports continued to grow in recent years, the export situation is good and fast development of the product, is China's ceramic proppant main reason for the rapid growth of exports. The second half of 2008, continuing the international economic downturn, many export-oriented manufacturers have ceramic proppant into the domestic market, in 2008 the export volume of ceramic proppant only 32,900 tons, down 9.4% ; exports of $ 6.315 million, down 15.6%. Into 2009, with the further support of monetary policy around the world, there are signs of the global economy, coupled with the favorable factors brought about by China's domestic financial policies, the 2009 ceramic lightweight proppant export volume of China rebounded.
Japan, Russia and Southeast Asia is our ceramic proppant main export countries and regions, as China occupies an absolute cost advantage, so the products are currently exported to many countries and regions, the current market share in terms of product Overseas markets still much to do.
Look at China's imports, due to our ceramic proppant, the low intensity of products, and the high strength of the product in the past for a long period of time mainly depends on imported products. With our high-strength ceramic proppant production technology successfully developed and industrialized application, breaking the monopoly of foreign products in this category, imports of ceramic proppant products began to fall, but also by the domestic economy in 2008 the impact of slower growth in domestic demand is relatively relaxed than in previous years, this is the 2008 decrease in imports of ceramic proppant of the main reasons. 2008 imports of ceramic ultralight weight for 8765.2 tons, down 2.5%; imports amounted to $ 4,383,000, a decrease of 10.8% with hoot. Into 2009, China's economic embarrassment by the state policy of stimulating domestic demand eased, the market is increasingly active, supporting domestic demand in the high-end ceramic products increased in 2009, China's imports of ceramic proppant reach 9273 tons, while the amount of imports is reach nearly $ 4.65 million. Italy, Japan and the United States is imported ceramic proppant of major countries and regions

Fracturing fluid cost and environmentally friendly use of natural gas

Natural gas used for hydraulic fracturing is said to be in American breakthrough, shale gas has low cost, but the domestic cost but has not closed, what reason be? A bossinadvertently say one of the mysteries of. Fracturing fluid is the main cost of shale gasis said to account for more than 70%, and the main component in the shale gas fluidssuch as sodium salicylate and quaternary ammonium salt, sodium salicylate salicylic acid if not made of raw materials or without high level such as pharmaceutical grade,the intermediate process of sodium salicylate as raw material for the production of salicylic acid in phenol water crude sodium salicylate the solution of sodium salicylate,take this cost can be greatly reduced by at least half or even below 40%, however at the cost of the crude sodium salicylate containing 2-3% phenol toxicity great. Thisleads to two problems, one is USA really with crude sodium salicylate as fracturing fluid (maybe it can oppose shale gas from USA environmentalists and proposed the pollution of fracturing fluid containing phenolic evidence), this can be from the exportstatistics or manufacturers such as the biggest foreign trade personnel than domestic manufacturers to understand, two is the 2-3% of phenol will be diluted to what extentas to whether the trace phenol also has the role of sterilization effect of 2-3% relative to the groundwater quality can be ignored or even play a positive role in the pollution of water resources, the domestic serious groundwater pollution serious situationdecision is difficult. So, the oil well fracking fluid cost can be greatly decreased by more than half, the key is to consider the influence of environmental protection.

When it comes to the difference between the ceramsite equipment and ceramsite sand equipment, we must talk about the equipment to produce frac sand companies and ceramsite sand: the difference between the particle size, particle than ceramsite ceramsite sand particles is much larger, ceramsite grain size is usually 5 ~ 20 mm, the biggest can reach 25 mm, ceramsite are commonly used to replace the gravel and pebbles in concrete; And ceramsite sand is a kind of ceramic particle products, fineness of grain size is much smaller, and has the very high fracturing strength, mainly used for oil well under oil fracturing proppant, in order to increase the output of oil and gas, belongs to the environmental protection product, specific can see: oil fracturing proppant production process. From the raw material, no difference with ceramsite ceramsite sand, frac sand is also same, does not use the technology and equipment of discharging size is slightly different. Remember the last time send the site to a consulting ceramsite equipment customers, customer should say your website is ceramsite sand equipment, no ceramsite equipment, actually the difference between both devices are small, so the customer can visit our kaiyuan machinery ceramsite sand equipment project network time to pay attention to, this site related words are: ceramsite, ceramsite production line equipment, ceramsite sand equipment, ceramsite sand production line, etc., about my company to the customer to do case, can see: ceramsite sand equipment successful cases. Process, for example, 80 ~ 80 cubic ceramsite sand equipment used are: jaw crusher, ceramsite sand mill, mixer (with chrome), (optional) adhesive mixing barrel, the double helix conveyer, strong pressure ball machine, when output is large, using ceramsite sand pelletizer is used when the FU chain conveyor.

The classification of the ceramsite

The classification of the ceramsite:

A. According to the raw material classification:

(1) the shale ceramsite ceramsite (3) and (2) clay gangue frac sand companies (4) (5) rubbish lytag ceramsite (6) the biological sludge ceramsite (7) river sediment ceramsite

2. According to the intensity of classification:

Gao Jiangtao (1) (2) super light ceramsite

3. According to the frac sand of classification:

(1) the average density of ceramsite (2) the density of lightweight ceramsite ceramsite (3), light density

4. According to the shape classification:

(1) the crushed stone form spherical ceramsite ceramsite (2) the circle (3) the cylindrical ceramsite

5. According to the performance of classification:

(1) high performance ceramsite (2) general performance ceramsite

between the floors and bearing capacity

Ceramsite used frac sand floors, bedding, kitchen toilet cushion, moistureproof layer super light ceramsite cushion can be used to improve the heat preservation, heat insulation, sound insulation between the floors and bearing capacity; A flexible and convenient to take cover engineering of the pipeline layout and installation. Used for moistureproof layer also can prevent the floor ground return; Keep dry and floors, to protect all kinds of wooden floor, plastic board, ceramic floor deformation, not faded and moisture-proof, waterproof basement is quite good, and to reduce the building load, greatly reduce the cost of housing construction.frac sand companies cushion layer for square, stadium runway super light ceramsite used in overhead square, driveway, cushion, playground, runway, roof garden can reduce load, moisture, reduce the deformation coefficient, etc.

Shale gas, a state with a free or adsorption hiding in unconventional gas in shale and mudstone layer

Shale gas, a state with a free or adsorption hiding in unconventional gas in shale and mudstone layer, is becoming a stirring power in the world market. This is the international energy industry is called "game changer" gas, greatly changed the pattern of energy of the world. Especially occurs in unconventional gas in shale. Shale is dense rock, so it can also be classified as dense atmosphere. Industrial development success only for North America (mainly the United States). It began in the Appalachian basin of devonian system shale, as the dark brown or black, rich organic matter, but a lot of angry. Reservoir space is given priority to with cracks, and in the frac sand of adsorbed gas and water soluble gas occurrence, for low (negative) pressure, low saturation (30%), and thus provide sustainable. But in the fracture development zone, to obtain the higher yields underground explosions and fracturing renovation measures such as protection results. In the mid - 1990 - s has been expanded to Michigan and Illinois basin, the reservoir and expand to the carboniferous shale, output of 8.4 billion cubic meters. The resource of trillions of cubic meters. Sinopec in guizhou east, southern anhui, 7 5 appraisal well in northeast sichuan, including industrial air 2 Wells, optimizing the building fracturing proppant and huang ping blocks south. Cnooc in anhui and zhejiang and other regions to carry out the shale gas exploration in the early stage of the work. Extension of the oil in 3 Wells in yan 'an region of shaanxi province continental shale gas discovery. Zhonglian proposes ShouYang coal in shanxi qinshui basin, qinyuan and jincheng three areas favorable for shale gas. In November 2012, the national support for shale gas development and utilization of subsidy policy, regulations over the next three years the central fiscal subsidies for shale gas companies to give subsidies standard is 0.4 yuan/cubic meter. Subsidy standard come on stage will stimulate the shale gas frac sand companies demand, help industry development to speed up the progress.

The next "two rooms crisis"?

Shale gas is the dream of American energy independence provides a paintbrush.

2004-2009, the annual growth rate of U.S.  shale gas  reached 40% or more, and a few hundred billion cubic meters per year increment blowout. In 2012, the U.S. shale gas accounted for the total amount of natural gas increased from 1% in 2000 to 37 per cent to 265.3 billion cubic meters, almost the whole of China's annual consumption of natural gas (about 150 billion cubic meters) twice .

Shale gas can change the energy world situation do? Even the Americans themselves do not believe.

In recent years, as the U.S. natural gas prices continued to fall, shale gas development increasingly slim profit margins,Ceramic proppant or even unprofitable. American business people began to turn to higher prices and interest can also use technology to exploit shale gas unconventional oil - shale oil. Last year, the U.S. shale gas industry showed a decline, many companies verge of bankruptcy, shut down a lot of wells.

"The New York Times", "Foreign Policy" and other U.S. media have questioned some even likened the U.S. shale gas industry under a "two rooms crisis." They believe that the U.S. shale gas industry, thanks to the rise of large-scale entry of international capital, but capital into obscures vast resources of shale gas industry lapse rate (number of wells is often only one or two years of life) the biggest problem .frac sand companies This makes shale gas high production costs. Nevertheless, pre-complex financing agreement has forced many companies to bite continues shale gas production, which also makes a lot of companies saddled with huge liabilities.

Shale gas industry, once the bubble burst, a large number of shale gas company's debt crisis will probably form a plague-like financial crisis.

Shale oil and gas ≠ shale gas shale oil +

China's oil and gas industry saw a " shale oil " is , this description is mined from shale gas and shale with this symbiosis, associated shale oil . " Shale gas " read together fluently ,Ceramic proppant in fact, the basic concepts confused confusion . First, shale gas extraction from shale , there are symbiotic with shale gas , associated crude production, be mistaken for shale oil , in fact, dense oil. Currently people on shale oil, tight oil has a different understanding of the meaning , so the shale oil and tight oil in the use of terminology misunderstanding and controversy. Shale and tight rock in scientific research , it will be divided into broad and narrow shale oil , tight oil also will be divided into broad and narrow , but in practice, the two meanings of concise , making it easy to understand. Tight oil and shale oil are both unconventional oil , because of its dense reservoir permeability is extremely poor with conventional technology can not achieve economic development . Tight oil , is in English "tightoil" Chinese translation ,frac proppant also known as light tight oil , shale gas in the production zone of the use of horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing to produce mature oil . From the dense layer and mined oil shale are tight oil . The shale oil corresponding English is "shaleoil", is produced from oil shale oil , also known as kerogen oil , is stranded in the crude oil source rocks , without the migration of immature oil . Oil shale must be heated through artificial hydrogenation by distillation of crude oil extracted from oil shale is similar , also known as synthetic oil . Dense oil in the oil quality the same as the conventional reservoir , all belong to light crude oil and shale oil is a heavy oil , which is the difference between the API gravity and viscosity difference and extracted in different ways. Two different production locations , tight oil from underground mining , and oil shale retorting on the ground . Tight oil need to use horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing technology in order to achieve economic exploitation, and shale gas production in the same way . The main use of the ground retorting oil shale production method , production can be divided into internal combustion , thermal cycling solid France , next door to the heat transfer method, an external injection of hot gas , reaction fluid method for internal combustion -based, China's use of Fushun distillation method . Shale oil is mainly in China , Brazil, Russia and Estonia production . In addition, while many media that the U.S. shale gas and shale oil production ranks first in the world . This statement is also problematic. 2011 China produced about 650,000 tons of shale oil , ranking first in the world .frac sand companies So called "America's shale gas and shale oil production ranks first in the world ," no data to support the foundation . The United States is the largest producer of shale gas , tight oil production is also accompanied by big country , but it is a small country of shale oil production ; China is the largest producer of shale oil , shale gas production is a small country .

At present, Sino-US cooperation in the field of climate change and what favorable conditions , and what challenges ?

U.S. Energy Information Administration 's latest data show that in 2012 , the U.S. fossil fuel combustion carbon dioxide emissions compared with the previous year dropped again , and since 1994 reached the lowest level . There are many reasons behind this phenomenon ,ceramic ball in addition to the continued economic downturn in the United States , and the United States to improve energy efficiency standards for cars , and I want to emphasize is that the U.S. unconventional oil and gas sector ( especially shale gas industry ) revolutionary change , are profoundly changing the U.S. and global energy map .
Shale gas revolution led to the American natural gas production and consumption grow very quickly, of natural gas in primary energy consumption in the United States the proportion of 22% from 2006 to 2011, the rapid growth of 26 percent. On the other hand , shale gas industry in the horizontal drilling , hydraulic fracturing and micro- seismic monitoring other areas of technology breakthroughs, has also led to the development of U.S. shale oil industry , U.S. energy security so much improved from dependence on foreign oil in 2005 to 60% now down to about 40%.
These changes in the United States to China-US Cooperation on Climate Change has brought no small opportunity, the United States and emission reduction pressure decreases , there is spare capacity and interest the international emission reduction transactions. At the same time ,Ceramic proppant Chinese shale gas technically recoverable reserves ranked first in the world , according to assessment . In view of shale gas in the United States the great success of the two countries in question will shale gas development has a great space for cooperation. In addition, oil security , nuclear power development, energy trading and new energy development and other fields, China-US cooperation in space is in fact not small .
For China , the Sino-US cooperation in the field of climate , it is now both challenges and opportunities . In recent years, rapid growth in China's greenhouse gas emissions . I have recently preliminary estimate, China 2012 carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuel combustion emissions , more than the U.S. national carbon emission levels for more than half ; just fired carbon emissions will exceed U.S. carbon dioxide emissions nationwide nearly 30% . These figures are very alarming . Rapid growth in China's carbon emissions from this perspective, China is quite stressful .
However, if you look at the issue from a different angle , Chinese coal in primary energy accounted for nearly 70% of China 's development model is now over-reliance on high energy consumption ,frac sand companies high emission of heavy industry , and whether it is coal or high energy-consuming industries , if you want to reduce row there are still many policy and technical means , so I often say that China on the issue of the energy saving many challenges , not a bad idea from another angle as the opportunity to look at.

Tight oil production growth can not be sustained

Dense oil situation is very similar. Two shale oil production up 81% of the nation's tight oil - South Texas Eagle Ford, as well as North Dakota and Montana Bakken.Fracturing proppant These two areas are in the new year well production dropped by about 60% after the second year of production only lasted less than 40% in the third year is less than 30% and continued to fall. Comprehensive old production wells, the whole field is the annual rate of decline of about 40%.
These fields can be used to maximum capacity depends on the maximum number of wells drilled.frac sand companies Can not be separated between wells too close, because it will draw on a reservoir with the reserves, increase costs, but can not increase the amount recoverable. EIA estimates Bakken and Eagle Ford oil can withstand the number of wells, almost three times the number of existing wells, or about 12,000 per oil wells.
Suppose now Bakken annual rate of drilling 1500 wells is maintained, it is expected to yield may rise to 100 million barrels / day. However, based on the Bakken EIA estimated the maximum number of drilling locations, production peaked in 2017.Proppant By then, can be used to drill additional wells will be exhausted, followed by attenuation of 40% annual yield. I do not agree with those who believe that Bakken production will be for many years to maintain a high level of view, this situation required number of wells, the number of more than meet the requirements of thousands of mouth.

U.S. shale gas costs are underestimated

"Shale gas revolution" - not previously mined from shale reservoirs shale gas and shale oil - has been as an energy game changer.Unconventional gas It is traditional offset the decline in oil and gas production, including shale gas is treated as a low-carbon future transitional fuel, shale oil (also called tight oil) are considered to be able to make the United States to become the world's largest oil producing countries, and reduce oil imports.
These heady proposition has largely been including the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), including government agencies to accept. BP predicts that by 2030, shale gas production will reach three times in 2011, tight oil production in 2011 will be based on an increase of 6 times.
These claims can not withstand careful scrutiny. By the California Santa Rosa in a "post-carbon institute" report "non-conventional fuels can open a new era of energy abundance do? ", The analysis of the United States, 30 and 21 dense shale gas fields, revealing the shale revolution will be difficult to maintain the reality. The study is based on widely adopted industry and government in the database 65000 Shale wells data.ceramic ball It shows shale and shale oil wells / gas production capacity has emerged as a steep downward trend. Many shale gas production costs have exceeded the current natural gas prices, the need to further increase the drilling and capital investment to maintain production.
While shale gas and tight oil extraction over a longer period of time to maintain a certain level above, but will likely yield more than the industrial sector and the government's optimistic forecast to be low. Unless prices rise significantly, or shale gas supply will decline sharply in the next decade. Around shale gas and tight oil,frac sand companies a more realistic discussion imminent - it needs to be sustainable, cost, and environmental impacts in further analysis.

Structural changes in the international energy impact analysis

If the future of China could overtake the United States rather than just "guest " world's first large country location imported oil ,  shale gas  revolution brought about by changes in the international energy structure will be more far-reaching implications , not only to the new international division of labor, but also affects the layout of industrial ecology and trade and other aspects.

First, the international energy structure changes greatly affected the distribution of the international energy market territory . First, the U.S. position in the international oil market will extend from the demand supply-side direction . Citigroup an analytical report that due to their increase in the amount of shale oil mining , oil and gas production in the United States is now the world 's fastest growing countries , the United States may in the future to achieve " energy independence" ,Ceramic proppant the report even including the United States , Canada, North America , including Mexico, known as the " new Middle East ." Second, with the U.S. foreign oil imports reduced, and many oil-exporting capacity needs through other channels to digest , and absorb the oil exporting countries on China 's surplus production capacity will play a more important role. Third, the pressure on the world's major oil-producing countries are not the same . Now it seems that the U.S. is a major reduction from Nigeria and other countries of the light oil , heavy oil, and for the major export markets of the Gulf countries , the United States still rely heavily on . Because the U.S. dependence on foreign oil decline , the United States is likely to further the future of the existing trading partners to be screened , and for places like Venezuela, the United States "do not like " countries , the United States is also likely to reduce the country 's oil from such imports.
Second, with the development of shale gas on the international energy prices play a role in repression , the United States re-industrialization process will get wheel drive . With the third industrial revolution accelerated process , the U.S. manufacturing sector will largely depend on production efficiency to overcome the disadvantages of scarce labor resources . Meanwhile, the U.S. manufacturing sector will help stabilize energy prices by lowering costs to regain price competitiveness .
Again, will bring new economic growth point , especially with the " shale gas" revolution approaching, the U.S. oil industry once again active. American Gas Association released a study shows that by 2015 ,frac sand companies shale gas on the U.S. contribution to GDP will reach $ 118 billion , about 800,000 Americans will thus get jobs , compared to the U.S. unemployment rate fell 0.5 percentage points.
In addition , the United States leading force in the international energy market opportunities for further strengthening. In the use of financial derivatives speculation , the international speculative capital not only for the energy needs of the United States subject to speculation, but also more energy supply capacity against the United States for speculation . Thus , the international market prices of the long and short of energy conversion pace will be more frequent , will add more uncertainty .

Of consumer demand for oil is likely to have been at or near peak

As China's economic development,Ceramic proppant the rapid growth of oil consumption , the foreign dependency rising prices of energy management first is the opening price of oil , with international standards, which for the central enterprises to stay out of the oil dividend policy space, and according to market demand to expand imports also supported international oil prices , oil central enterprises achievements of today's market position. What is more important is that , so far, the oil supply to support sustained and rapid economic growth , has made its due contributions. Although the current refined oil pricing mechanism ,ceramic ball a certain sense is to give oil central enterprises bonus mechanisms, such as neglect or even at the expense of oil quality management , ignoring changes in exchange rates and domestic production of some important factors such as low cost , energy security means dividends even more pronounced. From the past to achieve the policy objective of energy security considerations, the existing mechanism is still worthwhile and should be in the affirmative. We should also clearly growing consumer demand and dependence on foreign oil , and the resulting low level of the oil industry market , oil central enterprises endogenous development , lack of motivation and lack of market-based refined oil market supervision system and other issues. From the global oil and strategic economic interests , which the Americans would like to see .

Ten years, international oil prices high, driven by growth in the global oil industry investment boom , so now the international market oil supply. Domestic According to Customs data , the first 4 months of this year , China imported 90.25 million tons of crude oil , down 0.9% , which is apparent oil demand since the first quarter of 2009 after the outbreak of the global financial crisis, down 2% since the second decline ; Meanwhile, a quarter of China's auto sales more than 540 million units,frac sand companies demand for oil pulling power is not small , but still not arrived in oil prices " short side " of energy . According to reports, gasoline and diesel in the first quarter export growth , though not absolute , but it should be oil central enterprises to market changes foresight important signal . There are signs , China's oil consumption demand is likely to have been at or near the peak , enter the inflection point . A quarter of the outbreak of large-scale haze , I had to judge this prolonged decline in oil prices is likely to be a landmark event , it seems a bit unfortunate omen fulfilled .

Shale energy industry is a highly competitive industry

Statoil Bakken shale production breakeven point of near $ 60 a barrel, which is approximately the company's portfolio of projects throughout the world average. This means that oil prices also need to drop a large extent,shale gas will let Bakken shale production became unprofitable.

However, if oil prices have more than enough, shale oil production could respond quickly. In the "traditional" and even large-scale offshore oil project, the vast majority of costs are pre-spending: spending to find oil and deployment of mining facilities. Once this is done, the marginal cost of a barrel of oil is quite low.

In the onshore shale oil project,frac sand companies the cost of drilling a well is much lower (possibly $ 10 million, while the cost of a well deepwater offshore projects as $ 100 million), but the rate of decline in production is also much faster, so needs through continuous drilling to maintain production.

If for whatever reason the world economy back into recession, causing oil prices really started to fall significantly, the U.S. economy of shale oil production will be tested.

With the gradual expansion of shale oil industry, it began to get involved in more challenging storage. For example, in North Dakota, mining increasingly concentrated in Sri Fox reservoir (Three Forks formation), which overlaps with the Bakken shale, but the location is deeper.

On the other hand,ceramic ball shale oil operators are also learning more mining methods, while also improving efficiency. Bakken Shale another large manufacturer, American Independent Petroleum Group Hess (Hess) said it has drilled a well in the local cost from $ 13.4 million a year ago fell in the first quarter of $ 8.6 million. Similarly, Continental Resources Inc. to drill a well last year, the average cost is $ 9.2 million, down $ 8.2 million currently intend.

Improve efficiency in response to the deteriorating geological conditions of competition, Horace said he was "quite optimistic that" manufacturers will catch up to the next decade,Ceramic proppant the breakeven price would come down.

He said: "This is a vibrant and competitive industry. Everyone is trying to progress in learning from each other."

Shale gas revolution in the energy infrastructure sector activate America

shale gas technology advances make the United States to become the world leader in the field of energy production is one of many large energy companies continue to increase in shale gas exploration and production areas of investment, making the United States energy infrastructure sector performance active. Over the past month, Chicago Bridge Iron and Steel Company's shares soared 20 percent,frac sand companies the U.S. leader in the field of energy infrastructure has become a "stock god" Buffett's favorite.

Analysts believe that the emergence of new drilling techniques to promote the U.S. natural gas output, but also to promote transportation and storage of natural gas companies to expand investment in infrastructure for gas liquefaction and storage, Proppant infrastructure engineering and construction spending growth so that benefit businesses. Estimated U.S. energy infrastructure needs $ 250 billion to $ 350 billion investment, the industry average annual growth rate will reach 8%.

Adjust improve energy strategy petroleum self-sufficiency

Primary energy in the United States , only need to import large quantities of oil , enhanced oil supply capacity naturally become energy independent strategy. March 2011 , Obama proposed to reduce by one third by 2025 oil imports new target. In America's future energy supply and security of the three strategies , the " return to the United States oil and gas development ,frac sand companies ensure U.S. energy supply security" is one of the important content , including increased domestic oil and gas production capacity, promote the development of unconventional oil and gas resources .

U.S. to increase domestic oil production focused on two aspects: First, lifting the ban offshore oil ; Second, accelerate the development of onshore shale oil . March 2010 , the United States introduced to expand offshore oil field development project.Ceramic proppant Even in the Gulf of Mexico oil spill incident, the U.S. commitment to accelerate the development of offshore oil did not waver. Meanwhile, thanks to open offshore oil resources , tax breaks and other policy support as well as horizontal wells drilled and hydraulic fracturing technology breakthrough in the so-called " shale gas revolution" under the impetus of U.S. oil production since 2009 to recover, continued to grow.

U.S. Department of Energy estimates , in 2013 , U.S. crude oil , including biofuels and other liquefied hydrocarbon production will reach 1140 million barrels daily , close to 1160 million barrels of Saudi daily production levels . U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data show that in 2010 , the U.S. dependence on foreign oil was 49.3% , down to 50% of the " warning " or less. 2011 dropped to 45% in 2012 to 40 %, the current trend continues.

Oil self-sufficiency in the local ability to continuously improve both the U.S. foreign oil imports are constantly optimize distribution channels , domestic oil supply forward and surrounding areas contraction. In fact, even in the history of the United States it is not highly dependent on Middle East oil imports , North America is the U.S. foreign oil imports first choice. Since Obama took office , the United States imported oil from OPEC countries and the proportion of the total amount substantially reduced, while oil imports from North America the proportion is rising . In 2011, U.S. oil imports from the Middle East is only 95 million tons , accounting for 16.9% of total imports , while imports of crude oil from the Americas increased more than 70% proportion . Currently, the U.S. crude oil imports concentrated in Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela , Iraq and other countries and regions.

Currently , the U.S. energy strategy adjustment achieved great success. As offshore oil and onshore shale gas  mass exploitation of oil and gas , energy efficiency and consumption habits, the U.S. dependence on foreign energy demand and tends to decrease . Analysts pointed out that the United States is highly dependent on imports from a country 's energy consumption becomes an increasingly important energy producer and exporter.

Water challenges facing shale gas development under water stress demands of new technology

Accenture recently released "Water and  shale gas  development," the report (hereinafter referred to as the report). Reported that the rapid increase in shale gas production has caused widespread concern, the main concern of shale gas development on water resources, roads, air quality, earthquakes and many other areas of greenhouse gas emissions resulting operational impacts. Shale gas wells using hydraulic fracturing technology production process requires large amounts of water, and it will produce more gas than conventional greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the water and emissions concerns, the United States and many parts of Western Europe, shale gas development has encountered great resistance. According to the Energy Information Administration estimated recoverable reserves,Unconventional gas China 1,275,000,000,000,000 cubic feet of shale gas reserves, while China announced after the correction amount of exploration and 882 trillion cubic feet. China shale gas bearing layer depth of 3000-5000 meters, the complex topography. The lack of shale gas development in the short term municipal wastewater treatment facilities. In addition, areas with abundant reserves of shale gas poor surface conditions, population density in some areas of the mountains, which for the exploration and development of shale gas and water transport to bring more problems. Coupled with limited commercial production, water resources and environmental issues or to "Chinese shale gas revolution" cold toppings. Shale gas development in China there is a huge water crisis. National People's Congress of Sichuan Province Development and Reform Commission Li Min has said that shale gas exploitation, requires a lot of water. However, after the use of this water will be some contamination in the process need to be further open up this link.frac sand companies Necessary to solve the water problem, but also the gas mined, and finally also the water recycling.

A lot different from the U.S. system

First of land ownership is not the same with the United States,  shale gas  division of ownership of mineral development are not the same. Public ownership of land, land rights and mineral rights did not achieve separation, the developer is not particularly conducive to numerous non-state-owned enterprises to obtain shale gas resources.

Second, China's natural gas production, transportation, sales have not implemented the vertical separation of management, but there is a strong pipeline transportation of natural gas monopoly, its regulatory framework is also not the same as with the United States.Unconventional gas Since 1993, the United States began to take natural gas production and transportation vertical management model two businesses, developers and carriers will be separated into two separate operating entity, and supervise the implementation of different policies. Intrastate pipeline by state and local legal restrictions, interstate pipelines are subject to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, state, and local laws also apply. Natural gas pipeline operators suppliers to implement non-discriminatory access. Government regulatory pipeline fees, while liberalization of natural gas prices, natural gas producers and users to ensure the pipeline have non-discriminatory access conditions.

Third, exploration and development of shale gas resources environmental pressures facing large than the United States. U.S. sparsely populated, while China Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing and other places more densely populated, large elevation topography, geological disasters, the negative effects of shale gas development significantly. Fracturing well field area is larger, if the future development wells bit more intensive, human disturbance easily induced landslides. And China is a water-scarce countries, shale gas development will not only waste a lot of water, to seize the agricultural water, and even diverted municipal water, but also bring pollution of water resources.

Fourth, the success of shale gas development in the United States and the United States has the world's most open and competitive oil market is closely related to the highest degree,frac sand companies the United States 85% of the oil produced by small and medium companies. In China, the current in the conventional oil and gas resources in the field of exploration and mining rights by PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC and other four major state-owned enterprises and the extension of administrative monopoly, SMEs in the upstream oil and gas field development in an extremely vulnerable position. The monopoly of the institutional and investment subject single, the exclusion of other investors to enter, restricted resources development in the market.

Exploration and development are at an early stage

Conditions of shale gas resource base has its own characteristics, exploration and development at an early stage,Fracturing proppant technology is not mature enough. First, China's shale gas geological formation later in the United States, shale gas reservoirs and shale gas reservoirs in the United States compared to a huge difference in the overall high degree of thermal evolution of organic matter, burial depth is large, such as the U.S. shale gas burial depth of 200 meters to more than 2000 meters, while China Sichuan Basin shale gas burial depth of 1,500 meters to more than 4000 m; Guizhou, Chongqing, Hunan and other places shale thin and often multi-layered rendering together, different levels of partial visible deterioration; shale gas between different regions is difficult to compare between wells references, analogies,ceramic ball even layer more difficult.

Second, China's shale gas resource exploration and development started late, still in its infancy stage. MLR 2005 began preliminary research, there has been no domestic shale gas resource potential and favorable zones for system evaluation and technical pilot test. Third,frac sand companies technological progress is to promote the commercial development of shale gas key factors, while China's shale gas development technology is not mature, critical technologies have not yet achieved a real breakthrough, shale gas development related technologies need to overcome. At present, China's shale gas geological knowledge and engineering techniques is not mature, core analysis, logging and interpretation of reservoir evaluation, and composite oil-based mud, drillable bridge plug, micro seismic monitoring,Proppant etc. Drilling and Completion techniques and tools need to be improved and perfected.