Hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is a broad prospect for oil and gas well stimulation,  maide hydraulic fracturing method is the main form of exploitation of natural gas, requiring the incorporation of chemical substances with plenty of water poured into the hydraulically fracture shale to release natural gas. The technology in 10 years in the United States to promote a wide range, but the Americans are worried that the technology will pollute the water, thus threatening the local ecological environment and the health of residents. And that the technology to bring great harm to the environment, including water so spontaneous combustion, causing a small earthquake. Opponents point out the potential environmental impacts, including contamination of groundwater, freshwater depletion, air quality risks, gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to migrate to the surface, the surface leakage and backflow contamination, as well as the impact of these issues on health

Single well stimulation effects of hydraulic fracturing and its effects prediction

From the point of view of reservoir engineering , hydraulic fracture is hypertonic with oil layer with a certain directional length, width and height of the geometry. After single well fracturing, hydraulic fracture system consisting of the wellbore , and reservoir connectivity when the area is much larger than the area of ​​the wellbore without maide hydraulic fracturing significantly reduces the time of the formation of a single well production flow resistance , which is after fracturing a single the basic mechanism of increasing production wells. When the drilled reservoir, near the bottom zone due to drilling and other injuries leaving decline, so that by fracturing  maide Hydraulic  fracture through the injury zone ( generally hurt with less than 2m) into uninjured reservoir, so that did not hurt the oil layer the oil flow through hydraulic fractures into the wellbore , restore and enhance the natural capacity of the well . When single well fracturing, often both mechanisms work.
In general, the relatively high permeability reservoir, due to the pressure of the production wells into production soon entered the quasi-steady flow conditions , the output can be used to predict the radial flow equation solving , generally , it can be used with McGuire and Sikora Prats way to solve it. Conversely , in the relatively low permeability reservoir , production well pressure operation, the liquid oil will long remain unsteady flow conditions , the impact of the crack should be solved in a non- steady-state conditions , can be applied to non- steady typical curves plates or single-phase reservoir simulation flow Agarwal et al state or Holditch et al . If the water in the reservoir and for the overall development of fracturing its production forecast dimensional numerical simulation of three-phase reservoir need to use . Using models and calculation methods yield the correct pressure , is the basis for economic optimization of fracture design .

Fracturing sand blocking mechanism and prevention technologies

Water is an important american sand fracturing stimulation of low permeability gas field, due to the high angle directional well completion, perforation orientation is inconsistent with thin decision to stress, fracturing layers crack direction, multi-layer structure interaction, make fractured wells week initial bending cracks and multiple fractures, blocking the formation fracturing sand. The results confirmed: the formation of the main factors is well maide fracturing sand plug multiple fractures week bend limiting fracturing fluid flow in fractures; overlapping multi-slit width of cracks caused by competition proppant bridging; natural fractures or multiple fractures to reduce fluid loss efficiency of the fracturing fluid, affecting the development of the main crack. Prevent fracturing sand plug on drilling vertical wells drilled as possible to improve the perforation phase, the application of the same diameter of the pump stops proppant slug technology to promote the main crack extension, to ensure adequate fracture width, prevent fracturing sand plug.

There are many kinds of fracturing fluid composition

As the case may be, the main purpose is to look at its
Packer fluid is divided into two types: the first water as a dispersion medium such as water-based  maide fracturing Proppants thickened water, gel, oil in water emulsions, water-based foam and so on are some of the acidic solution. The second is mineral oil as a dispersion medium such as

oil-based  maide resin coated frac sand fluid thickened oil, oil-in-water emulsion, oil-based foam.
Fracturing fluid performance requirements: good high viscosity, lubricity is good, a small amount of fluid loss, low friction, to be fracturing fluid layer without clogging and damage, fluid mine pollution, thermal stability and shear stability , low residue, good compatibility, broken plastic rapid, wide supply, ease of preparation, economical and reasonable.

Fracking strengths and weaknesses

We have long been considered a non- gelled water is one of the most cleanest, most economical fracturing fluid . If the filtration problems in the formation fracturing fluid compatibility issues and minimal case , the non- thickened water as a base maide fracturing proppant fluid will be of great significance . These stimulation usually refers to  maide hydraulic fracturing proppant,reducing water resistance or branches fracturing fracturing ( occasionally ) , they usually require a large number of high-speed pumped water containing a small amount of reducing agent and proppant . In the application, compared with the traditional thickening fluid , this method can reduce the capital investment on the one hand , on the other hand so that hydraulic fracturing is more economically viable than other uses thickening fluid fracturing methods. Like other technical measures to increase production and hydraulic fracturing has its advantages , but also has its drawbacks . This particular method is the key to its screening principles will be applied to fit the unique advantages of this region or strata .
1 hydraulic fracturing potential advantages include:
2 simple operation, the use of a single chemical agents ;
3 can produce a considerable length of hydraulic ;
4 initial production can be compared with the normal stimulation intended ;
5 . Costs lower than normal stimulation .
As expected, the hydraulic fracturing also has shortcomings, such as :
1 confined to the low amount of sand strata ;
2 rapid sand filtration rate ;
(3) the effective fracture length is shorter ;
4 Compared with ordinary fracturing operations of similar size , the larger the decrease in final yield ;
5 The following fracturing aquifer has certain risks.
In essence , the hydraulic fracturing of various unfavorable factors show poor ability to carry proppant fracturing fluid . If the proppant can be effectively carried in place of water , the potential adverse consequences will be significantly reduced or even disappear completely .

Hydraulic fracturing

Maide Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants is increase production of oil and gas wells, injection wells by injection of an important technical measures, not only widely used in low osmotic pressure reservoir, and in hypertonic reservoir stimulation transformation also achieved good results . It is the use of advanced ground pump maide hydraulic fracturing benifits, high mucus has greatly exceeded the absorption capacity of the underlying displacement injection wells, in the bottom suffocating pressure, when the pressure is greater than the near wellbore formation rock to stress and tensile strength, in the bottom formation near the cracks. Continue with injected fluid carrying sand proppant, fracture extends forward and filled with proppant in the fracture closure shut the proppant to form a certain geometry and conductivity of sand filling in the vicinity of the bottom strata cracks that reach well stimulation process measures attention.

Introduction to hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is a broad prospect for oil and gas well stimulation , hydraulic fracturing method is the main form of exploitation of natural gas , requiring the incorporation of chemical substances with plenty of water poured into the hydraulically fracture shale to release natural gas. The technology in 10 years in the United States to promote a wide range , but the Americans are worried that the technology will pollute the water , thus threatening the local ecological environment and the health of residents . And that the technology to bring great harm to the environment , including water so spontaneous combustion , causing a small earthquake. Opponents point out the potential environmental impacts, including contamination of groundwater , freshwater depletion, air quality risks , gases and  maide hydraulic fracturing benifits chemicals to migrate to the surface , the surface leakage and backflow contamination , as well as the impact of these issues on health.Principle: Hydraulic fracturing is the use of ground pressure pump , squeeze with higher viscosity fracturing fluid to the reservoir through the wellbore . When maide hydraulic fracturing proppant fluid injection rate exceeds the absorption capacity of the reservoir , a high pressure is formed in the bottom reservoir, when such pressure exceeds the fracture pressure near the bottom of the reservoir rock , and oil will be pressed open cracks . At this time, continue to keep the oil squeeze fracturing fluid reservoir internal cracks will continue to expand . In order to maintain pressure to open cracks in the open state , then squeeze the oil sand-carrying fluid with proppant ( usually quartz sand ) , followed by sand-carrying fluid into the cracks , one can make the cracks continue to extend forward , on the other hand can support the opening pressure has cracks Without limiting closed . Followed by injection of fluid replacement , the wellbore fluid carrying sand into the cracks of all replacement with quartz sand to prop up the cracks . Finally , the high viscosity fracturing fluid injected degradation automatically discharged outside the borehole , leaving the one or more reservoir length , width , height ranging from cracks that establish a new path between the fluid reservoir and the wellbore . After fracturing, production of oil and gas wells are generally substantial growth.

Oil and gas fracturing proppant ceramic sand

Oil fracturing proppant ( ceramic sand ) is a ceramic particle product with high fracture strength , mainly for oilfield downhole support to increase production of oil and maide Shale gas revolution , an environmentally friendly product .
    This product is the use of high-quality bauxite , coal and other raw materials, ceramic sintering , is a substitute for natural quartz sand , glass beads , metal balls and other low- strength proppant , to increase production of oil and gas has a positive effect .
When oil and maide gas fracking exploration in deep , high pressure low permeability deposit closure after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum , oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed by the pooled out. Along with a high-pressure high-alumina support material was filled into the formation in rock fissures , cracks do not play a supporting but closed due to stress release , thereby maintaining high conductivity , so that the oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of high-alumina proppant fracturing wells can increase production by 30-50% , but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells , is the key material oil, gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration, construction . Products used in deep fracturing when it is filled to the low permeability fractured rock deposits in high closed fracturing treatment to split hydrocarbon formations , play a supporting fissure is closed not because of stress release , thereby maintaining oil and gas high flow capacity , not only to increase oil and gas production , and more to extend the service life of oil and gas wells .

How brief is operated drilling machine

Can not do without the use of large-scale drilling engineering drilling machine equipment , and its good performance greatly enhance the speed and efficiency of drilling , especially in remote areas more extensive drilling machine with the crowd , then drilling machine in the end is how it works ?
Work drilling machine is pumping reverse circulation . Its working principle is: the role of atmospheric pressure , circulating liquid from the settling tank through the ring back to the ditch along the bottom of the borehole flow gap , because the turntable drive maide well drilling , rotary drill bit for drilling drive , negative pressure created by the suction of the mud debris drill mud suction lumen , then rose to tap into the sedimentation tank through mud circulating liquid precipitation continues to flow into the well bore , so again and again , forming a reverse circulation the drilling work .
Drill mud or water from entering the outflow from the wellhead . Positive circulation drilling machine . Mud or suck out water from the drill pipe from the wellhead inflows. To reverse circulation drilling machine . Reverse circulation drilling means ( mud or water ) in the drilling machine cycle way of saying , drilling rig will drill in drilling when generating muck , slag stone, by reverse circulation can bring these scum from the mud to the ground , and then through the mud after the settler back to drilling. Such non-stop cycle , and finally into the hole . Reverse circulation can bring out a larger diameter slag.

Hydraulic fracturing process

Many media reports, hydraulic fracturing is not a " drilling process ." , After the completion of drilling using Maide hydraulic fracturing benifits . Simply put, is the use of hydraulic fracturing fluids and materials , create or restore the formation of small well fracking to stimulate the production of new and existing oil and gas wells. This creates a path to increase the rate of fluid can be produced from the reservoir, in some cases , by the many hundreds of percent, the method comprising the following steps to protect the water supply . To ensure that neither the final fluid to be pumped through the hole , nor will eventually be collected by the oil or gas into the water, surface or intermediate casing steel insert well depth between 1,000 and 4,000
Feet. These sleeves " string" and drilling ( wells ) , known as the space between the rings are filled cement. Once the cement , and then continue drilling or transition from the ground to the bottom of the next depth carburizing steel housing. This process is repeated , using smaller steel casing each time , until it reaches the oil and gas reservoirs ( typically 6,000 to 10,000 feet ) . The following diagram is a typical Eagle Ford Shale wells of a promotion in south-central Texas . Here there is a more detailed housing and groundwater protection role.

Resin coated sand used in oilfield fracturing of

Hydraulic fracturing technology after half a century of development , has become a major oil and gas well stimulation Measures . The main mechanism of hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells and injection wells yield increase is due to the injection of proppant Supporting role for cracks to form in the formation long enough , has a certain conductivity The sand filling cracks. Visible, proppant Maide fracturing sand effect on impact can not be ignored , proppant material Performance directly affects the fracture conductivity , and therefore is a key factor affecting the hydraulic fracking effect . Branch Performance degree and the greatest impact on the conductivity proppant compressive strength and size is a combination of support agent. Therefore , the proper selection and use of appropriate proppant leaf out key measures of value-added production . A

Kind of ideal proppant should have the following characteristics : high compressive strength , the pressure to adapt The purpose of cracking under the pressure of a closed layer wonder broken, the biggest support puzzled crack width , with Have a lower density , in order to ensure ease of delivery of the pump in the construction process , and in the cracks Press Expected requirements laid ; in hot brine good chemical inertness, not hydraulic fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid

Chemical reaction , to avoid contamination with the fracture proppant , uniform particle size distribution , circularity For Find a good read , with better purity and low impurity levels , in order to avoid air strikes proppant fractures

The lower conductivity ; sources wider, low cost. Usually applied pressure for proppant Effective fracture closure pressure , the proppant is thus preferably be used as an effective closing pressure proppant Under pressure.

Low-density proppant phenolic / epoxy composites modified

Using liquid phenolic resin impregnated , coated with epoxy resin and then prepared in a nut shell is a low-density proppants matrix composite materials, through INSTRON universal testing machine , TGA, SEM and other testing methods to test the performance of composite materials . Research shows that the concentration of proppant supplier resin was impregnated to 70% , the composite material under pressure 60MPa with a minimum amount of deformation ; particles coated with increasing amounts of the epoxy resin layer , the deformation of the composite decreased pressure at 60MPa when the resin is greater than 25% , the amount of deformation changes little ; TGA improved heat resistance , the composite material ; SEM found uncoated surface modified particles with more holes , the composite coating of the modified surface smooth , holes significantly reduced ; micrograph display uncoated modified particles 60MPa pressure serious rupture , but not broken composite phenomenon, and there is a clear resin particle surface layer ; absorbing capacity from 30.45% down to 6.58% , solvent resistance improved significantly.