The ends off the sand fracturing technology

With the exploitation of oil and gas fields crossover technology development and integrated use of a variety of process technology, the scope of application of fracturing proppant technology is no longer confined to low-permeability formations, high-permeability formations have begun to use this technology to improve development results. When oil well fracking  technology used in high-permeability formations, hoping to form a short, wide cracks and crack control as much as possible within the scope of the oil and gas layers. In order to meet the requirements of this particular foreign mid-80s in the 20th century developed the ends off the sand natural gas fracking  technology, and soon applied to the site, currently also carried out research in this area, and has made great progress .

After the extraction of oil

proppant sand manufacturers and fracturing proppant wells over time, high-low permeability deposit after closing pressure fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum, oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed by the pooled out. Ceramic proppant material along with high-pressure solution is filled into the formation of cracks in the rock, the play not because of stress release propped fracture and closed, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that the oil and gas flow, increase production. Ceramic proppant is widely used in the exploitation of oil and gas, to increase oil and gas production, and does not support the ground subsidence

Economic benefit of fracturing proppant

Proppant economic benefit, as one of the fracturing proppant material, in the evaluation of fracturing economic benefit is always an expenditure. As specified in the fracturing payback time (for example, six months or a year) is fracturing design personnel must compare various proppant in the same closed pressure prices than [unit, um2.cm/ ($.T) or um2/ ($.M3)] and price than in the overall net gains (NPV value) and the effects of continuous time.

  If a certain type of a certain size of proppant conductivity in the provision of the repayment time can meet the requirements, the proppant can be used as one of the candidate's support agent.

Fracturing proppant rent limit and computer program selection

The ability of fracturing proppant properties and diversion in the geological and engineering conditions under given, fracturing design personnel must master the different types, different diameter proppant properties and leased limit.

  Combined with the geological conditions of a given (closure pressure, rock hardness, temperature and fracturing objective layer compound etc.), use the existing engineering conditions (nature,hydraulic fracture stimulation , fracturing fluid infusion equipment) can be safely pump, after pressing can obtain higher and stable yield of primipara proppant.

  Selection of proppant computer program including, total economic standard. The net present value calculation; hydraulic fracture stimulation , production technology and economic feasibility of the model input data, the volume and the proppant weight and other factors.

Precise hydraulic fracturing design

Large water conservancy frac proppant selection and optimization design, the site has been in use is to repeat the test approach, in this more than 10 years, the continuous improvement of calculation model, obviously improves the feasibility of time and contains repayment cash flow rate of economic evaluation, the precise design.( ceramic proppant supplier )

  In order to obtain high flow capacity and the deep penetration of the fracture, fracturing design accurately is absolutely necessary. According to the reservoir conditions on individual applications conventional fracturing proppant selection, through the standard curve analysis and supporting agent property valuation determined.

Fracturing proppant selection

The computer program of oil fracturing proppant selection, fracturing design should be a perfect combination of computer simulation and field experience of water support treatment.

  Cost ofhydraulic fracturing proppant and fracturing fluid is composed, fracturing process equipment and installation costs.

  Because the supporting agent cost of the total cost of 1/3~2/3 is a fact. According to the closure stress resistance, from a technical point of view, ( hydraulic fracture stimulation ) proppant selection is not only the key elements of the fracturing design, and from the angle of economy and related to the implementation and efficiency of work.

The importance of determining proppant type

Determination of proppant type, particle size and cracks in the middle the concentration (or layers) is an important link in fracturing design, but also the key to guarantee the pressure after production and improving the development level (an increase of oil recovery rate of recoverable reserves increase).

  In general, is the need to obtain the expected effect of fracturing fracture conductivity to select proppant, therefore, in the selection process, cannot do without the condition of reservoir, the engineering conditions (fracturing fluid performance equipment, pumping capacity) indoor test results and the evaluation of proppant.

The fracturing proppant factory request

The manufacturer should continue to improve the production of the whole process of quality monitoring, control, management and security system, to produce more quality products. 

  Exploration and production companies to actively promote the oil company application of quality products, to do not conform to the standard of the enterprise products, will be expelled from the oil fracturing proppant management network, prohibit the application of oil field.

Fracturing proppant quality management checks informed

According to the quality supervision and spot check the quality management of Chinese petroleum natural gas group company and energy conservation department procurement product bulletin, 2009 from 11 oil fracturing proppant selected 32 samples is evaluated as qualified (acid solubility no judgment)

Oil application

In 2009 the amount of Petroleum proppant is about 536 thousand tons (200000 tons ceramic, quartz sand 336 thousand tons), fewer than 38  thousand tons in 2008,
A decrease of 6%, showed that although in the context of the global financial crisis, the company to reduce inefficiency measures workload, but to improve single well output of nuclear

Fracturing technology is one of the core technologies of heart is still indispensable in oil reserves and production increase, network products 430000 tons, the dominant

Ensure the fracturing effect, to a certain extent.

Proppant quality supervision

To support some deficiencies in quality and network management agent, issued On the Further Strengthening of the Proppant Fracturing Standardized Management Notice in 2007.

  Implement the safe development, clean development concept, strengthen scientific management norms, straighten out the relationship further, strengthen the supporting agent quality supervision, so that the production, use and quality management support agent to achieve a virtuous circle, to further standardize the fracturing proppant network management system, at present already chemical.

Strengthen the standardization stage

  Established the fracturing management network exploration and production companies, including the network management, network management, check and complex random number detection,Standard revision and implementation, manufacturers and oil technician training, organized the annual proppant forum, publish annual support agent network management,newspaper etc.

 fracturing proppant network management further strengthen,  and ensure the qualified well into the material, to ensure the effect of transformation.

Fracturing proppant early network management

The first stage is the beginning stage, company Development Bureau attaches great importance to fracturing support agent management job, strengthen product testing.

  The second stage is specification stage, to establish the network management model of fracturing proppant (net production inspection, quality system, the whole process of factory testing laboratory, technical training, quality bulletin)

  Production technology department , exploration and production company organized  a series of site investigation (7 oil, more than a dozen manufacturers)in 2000, began to build their own fracturing propping agent network supervision system.

Scientific management network of fracturing proppant

In the global financial crisis and the situation Chinese oil closed inefficient wells to improve the operation effect measures, 2009 is the year of China petroleum exploration and production company fracturing proppant management network continued, in-depth scientific, standardized management.

  Adhere to the control and clean production idea source started from manufacturers of detection, adhering to the enterprise standard, played an important role for improving oilfield fracturing effect and encourage manufacturers to produce low cost and high quality product.

Fracturing proppant products classification

1,According to anti fragmentation ,fracturing proppant were 52MPa (7500psi), 69MPa (10000psi) and 86MPa (12500psi), 102MPa (15000psi) four series.

2, according to the volume density is divided into, low density, medium density and high density.

3, according to the specifications are, 12-20 mesh, 16-20 mesh, 16-30 mesh, 20-40 mesh, 30-50 mesh, 40-60 mesh, 40-70 mesh, 70-100 mesh.

In order to meet the needs of domestic and foreign oil and gas wells, the user can according to the depth of an oil well, the choice of different intensity and different specifications of the products.

The main purposes of fracturing proppant

fracturing proppant agent can be widely used in deep wells, high pressure oil and gas reservoir fracturing.Quality bauxite as main raw material through crushing fine ground into powder, mixed with various additives, repeated mixing, granulation, polishing at high sintering temperature, the product has high compressive strength, low density, good sphericity, high degree of finish, the advantages of diversion ability.

 By the China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute Langfang branch to support the evaluation of laboratory testing, the performance indicators fully meet the SY/T5108-2006 standard, SY/T6302-1997, is currently in a leading level.

Natural gas fracturing transformation project success

Research high temperature fracturing fluid system for high temperature, low permeability reservoir damage sensitivity by low damage, low residue carboxymethyl guar gum study, the formation of high temperature and pressure applied to Jilin Oilfield low permeability tight gas reservoirs of low pressure damage fracturing fluid system, heat index reached 180 degrees, effectively reducing the fracturing fluid injury rate for natural gas wells effective development has provided a guarantee; the second is to carry out research to reduce the system pressure fracturing technology for deeply buried reservoirs, high stresses characteristics, by fracturing string optimization, reducing friction fracturing fluid technology bauxite proppant research, forming a lower fracturing fracturing system supporting technology, to provide technical support for the high-pressure fracturing wells, construction of pump fracturing equipment to improve efficiency, reduce fracturing difficulty; third, to conduct wear thin interbedded sandstone and mudstone layer fracturing technology for over sand mudstone, by building a reservoir model for reservoir analysis, optimization fracturing parameters, forming a thin interbedded wear layer fracturing technology, effectively increasing the use of a single well surrounding reserves; four is to carry out a large-scale study of fracturing technology for low permeability fractured ceramic ball tight gas reservoirs massive demand, by fracturing wellbore integrity analysis, ground systems for liquid build, remote control and command system decision supporting the formation of large-scale fracturing technology to provide effective technical support to improve the well production, increase single well controlled reserves. To provide effective technical support for the effective increase well production, increase single well controlled reserves.

Oil fracturing proppant application must meet the following performance requirements:

( 1 ) High  strength. Ensure high closing under pressure to get the most effective support can still crack . And different types of ceramic proppant composition , different intensity , the higher the intensity , the greater the pressure capacity .
( 2 ) particle size uniformity, sphericity . Proppant can improve the bearing capacity of uniform size and permeability of the proppant . The proppant particle diameter is generally used currently 0.45 ~ 0.9mm ( i.e. 40 / 20 mesh ) , sometimes with small diameter 0.9 ~ 1.25mm ( i.e., 20/16 mesh) .
( 3 ) less impurities . To prevent blockage of the pores and reduce support crack fracture conductivity . Fracturing sand impurities is the mixed carbonate sand , feldspar, iron oxides and clay minerals ; a marine acid solubility to measure the presence of carbonates in the fracturing sand , feldspar and iron oxide content ; measure turbidity levels present in the frac sand clay , silt or inorganic material particles.
( 4 ) a low bulk density is preferably less than the density of 2000kg/m3, to facilitate delivery of fracturing fluid and proppants effectively filling cracks.
( 5 ) High brine chemically inert , does not react with the fracturing fluid and the reservoir fluid , to avoid contamination propped fracture ;

The purpose of the ceramsite

Ceramsite has excellent performance, such as low density, high cylinder pressure strength, high porosity, high softening coefficient, good frost resistance, resistance to JianJiLiao excellent reactivity, and so on. Especially frac sand of the ceramsite density is small, internal porous, morphology, composition is uniform, and with a certain intensity and strong, thus has light weight, corrosion-resistant, antifreeze, and other multi-functional characteristics of seismic and well insulated. Using ceramsite these excellent performance, it can be widely used and building materials, gardening, food and beverage, fire-resistant insulation materials, chemical industry, petroleum and other departments, application field is more and more widely, and is still rising. At the beginning of the ceramsite invention and production, it is mainly used in building materials field, due to the continuous development of technology and people to know more deeply, the fracturing proppant of the ceramsite ceramsite already more than building materials this traditional scope of application of expanding its application in new areas. Applications of ceramsite in building materials, now has fallen to 80%, from 100% in other aspects of the application, has accounted for 20%. With the continuous development of new application of ceramsite, it will gradually increase the proportion of in other ways. Particles is all over the world to get fast development, because it has other materials do not have many excellent properties, the excellent performance, the excellent performance make it has the effect cannot be replaced by other materials. These excellent performance has the following several aspects. Density is small, light ceramsite its bulk density is less than 1100 kg/m3, generally is 300 ~ 300 kg/m3. Made with ceramsite as aggregate concrete density is 1100 ~ 1800 kg/m3, the corresponding concrete compressive strength is 30.5 ~ 40.0 Mpa. The biggest characteristic of ceramsite is appearance is hard, and there are many pores inside. These microporous give the haydite lightweight properties. 200 lytag concrete density is about 1600 kg/m3, and the same label of the density of ordinary concrete is up to 2600 kg/m3, both differ 1000 kg/m3. Heat preservation, heat insulation ceramsite due to internal porous, so has good insulation, the thermal conductivity of concrete prepared with it, as a general rule, be 0 ~ 0.8 W/(m, k), 1 ~ 2 times lower than the normal concrete. So, ceramsite architecture has good thermal environment.

Hydraulic fracturing is to use the ground high pressure pump

Hydraulic fracturing is to use the ground high pressure pump, through the wellbore to squeeze oil layer with high viscosity of frac sand fluid. When the injection rate of fracturing fluid exceeds the absorptive capacity of the reservoir, the reservoir is formed on a high pressure on bottom, when the pressure is more than near the bottom of a well fracture pressure of reservoir rocks, reservoir pressure will be open and cracks. Then, on and on to reservoir squeeze fracturing fluid, cracks will continue to expand inside the reservoir. To keep the pressure on cracks in the open state, then to the reservoir into with proppant carrying fluid (usually quartz sand), after carrying fluid into the cracks, cracks on the one hand, can make its way, on the other hand can have open cracks, so that it is not closed. Then into the displacement fluid, the carrying fluid of wellbore entirely replace into the cracks, prop up the cracks with quartz sand. Finally, the injection of high viscosity fluid will fracturing proppant degrade the discharge shaft, left one or more of the oil length, width and height of crack and reservoir and established a new fluid passage between the wellbore. After fracturing, the output of oil and gas Wells are generally increase substantially. It can be generated in various stages of organic origin on the subject of natural gas in free phase (about 50%), very little stored in dissolved state in kerogen, asphalt and oil. Natural gas are also present in the interlayer of siltstone, silty mudstone, argillaceous siltstone, sandstone formation even. After gas generated in the source rock in the nearby gathered themselves together, and show the typical shale gas on the patterns of in situ, with a greater difference between shale, tar sands, asphalt, etc. Different from conventional gas reservoir, shale is gas generation of source rocks, and gather and save gas reservoir and cap rock. As a result, high organic matter content of black shale, such as high carbon mudstone is often the best conditions for shale gas development