Economic benefit of fracturing proppant

Proppant economic benefit, as one of the fracturing proppant material, in the evaluation of fracturing economic benefit is always an expenditure. As specified in the fracturing payback time (for example, six months or a year) is fracturing design personnel must compare various proppant in the same closed pressure prices than [unit, um2.cm/ ($.T) or um2/ ($.M3)] and price than in the overall net gains (NPV value) and the effects of continuous time.

  If a certain type of a certain size of proppant conductivity in the provision of the repayment time can meet the requirements, the proppant can be used as one of the candidate's support agent.

Precise hydraulic fracturing design

Large water conservancy frac proppant selection and optimization design, the site has been in use is to repeat the test approach, in this more than 10 years, the continuous improvement of calculation model, obviously improves the feasibility of time and contains repayment cash flow rate of economic evaluation, the precise design.( ceramic proppant supplier )

  In order to obtain high flow capacity and the deep penetration of the fracture, fracturing design accurately is absolutely necessary. According to the reservoir conditions on individual applications conventional fracturing proppant selection, through the standard curve analysis and supporting agent property valuation determined.

Fracturing proppant selection

The computer program of oil fracturing proppant selection, fracturing design should be a perfect combination of computer simulation and field experience of water support treatment.

  Cost ofhydraulic fracturing proppant and fracturing fluid is composed, fracturing process equipment and installation costs.

  Because the supporting agent cost of the total cost of 1/3~2/3 is a fact. According to the closure stress resistance, from a technical point of view, ( hydraulic fracture stimulation ) proppant selection is not only the key elements of the fracturing design, and from the angle of economy and related to the implementation and efficiency of work.

Oil fracturing proppant roundness and ball high

oil fracturing proppant roundness representing relative sharpness of edges and corners of the sphericity of the particles, refers to the sand and spherical similar degree.

  Determine the roundness and sphericity of commonly used visual method, the general use of photomicrographic technique in 10~0 times under the microscope or photographed, and then compared with a round ball, degree of plate and standard, determine the sand round, sphericity.

  Proppant round, the ball is not good when the sand filling cracks, poor permeability and angular easily broken, crushed little particles formed will plug the pores, reduce its permeability.

The choice of oil fracturing proppant strength standard

The strength of proppant is an important index of its performance. Due to the different composition and production method of proppant, the intensity difference is very big also, such as quartz sand strength 21.035.0Mpa, ceramisite strength can reach 105MPa to crack.

  After hydraulic fracturing, proppant closure pressure effect of cracks in the cracks in the supporting agent, when the intensity ratio of wall rock seam strength, proppant may have embedded formation.

 When the seam wall rock strength than the proppant intensity, and the closed pressure is greater than the intensity of supporting agent supporting agent,
easy to be crushed.

  These two cases will lead to crack closure or permeability is very low. So in order to ensure the flow capacity to fill cracks in the broken, under different close pressures, to all kinds of mesh proppant strength and breaking rate have certain requirements.

The choice of meaning of oil fracturing proppant

Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants accounted for the entire cost of 1/3~1/2, not only often represents amost cost of oil and gas well early, but especially decides the economic life of oil and gas wells or oil.

  Fracturing charges too large may be unnecessary waste of the whole capital, whereas the fracturing operation is too small, will be due to lack of reservoir produced fluid, resulting in a well withoutbenefit.

  In the fracturing operation, the fluid in the reservoir gradually discharged, leaving only is proppant propped fractures, to keep the channel open. Provide a high flow capacity of channel, to increase oil and gas flow can flow into the wellbore, keep the reservoir long-term flow capacity.

  Therefore in hydraulic fracturing optimization design, type and size of produced layer supporting agent have significant meaning and key role.

The fracturing proppant factory request

The manufacturer should continue to improve the production of the whole process of quality monitoring, control, management and security system, to produce more quality products. 

  Exploration and production companies to actively promote the oil company application of quality products, to do not conform to the standard of the enterprise products, will be expelled from the oil fracturing proppant management network, prohibit the application of oil field.

The requirements of oil field

In order to ensure the oil fracturing effect, the requirements of various oil companies must use the oil fracturing proppant products manufacturers and management within the network, and requests the oil oil and gas production departments take the responsibility, management the oil fracturing proppant daily work.

  If the oil found good manufacturers and products in new product trial, should be timely recovery toexploration and production company of technology of gas recovery and recommended requirements manufacturers put forward as soon as possible network applications.

Fracturing proppant quality management checks informed

According to the quality supervision and spot check the quality management of Chinese petroleum natural gas group company and energy conservation department procurement product bulletin, 2009 from 11 oil fracturing proppant selected 32 samples is evaluated as qualified (acid solubility no judgment)

Oil application

In 2009 the amount of Petroleum proppant is about 536 thousand tons (200000 tons ceramic, quartz sand 336 thousand tons), fewer than 38  thousand tons in 2008,
A decrease of 6%, showed that although in the context of the global financial crisis, the company to reduce inefficiency measures workload, but to improve single well output of nuclear

Fracturing technology is one of the core technologies of heart is still indispensable in oil reserves and production increase, network products 430000 tons, the dominant

Ensure the fracturing effect, to a certain extent.

Proppant quality supervision

To support some deficiencies in quality and network management agent, issued On the Further Strengthening of the Proppant Fracturing Standardized Management Notice in 2007.

  Implement the safe development, clean development concept, strengthen scientific management norms, straighten out the relationship further, strengthen the supporting agent quality supervision, so that the production, use and quality management support agent to achieve a virtuous circle, to further standardize the fracturing proppant network management system, at present already chemical.

Fracturing proppant early network management

The first stage is the beginning stage, company Development Bureau attaches great importance to fracturing support agent management job, strengthen product testing.

  The second stage is specification stage, to establish the network management model of fracturing proppant (net production inspection, quality system, the whole process of factory testing laboratory, technical training, quality bulletin)

  Production technology department , exploration and production company organized  a series of site investigation (7 oil, more than a dozen manufacturers)in 2000, began to build their own fracturing propping agent network supervision system.

Fracturing proppant products classification

1,According to anti fragmentation ,fracturing proppant were 52MPa (7500psi), 69MPa (10000psi) and 86MPa (12500psi), 102MPa (15000psi) four series.

2, according to the volume density is divided into, low density, medium density and high density.

3, according to the specifications are, 12-20 mesh, 16-20 mesh, 16-30 mesh, 20-40 mesh, 30-50 mesh, 40-60 mesh, 40-70 mesh, 70-100 mesh.

In order to meet the needs of domestic and foreign oil and gas wells, the user can according to the depth of an oil well, the choice of different intensity and different specifications of the products.

The main purposes of fracturing proppant

fracturing proppant agent can be widely used in deep wells, high pressure oil and gas reservoir fracturing.Quality bauxite as main raw material through crushing fine ground into powder, mixed with various additives, repeated mixing, granulation, polishing at high sintering temperature, the product has high compressive strength, low density, good sphericity, high degree of finish, the advantages of diversion ability.

 By the China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute Langfang branch to support the evaluation of laboratory testing, the performance indicators fully meet the SY/T5108-2006 standard, SY/T6302-1997, is currently in a leading level.

Oil fracturing proppant

Support of the oil is also called oil fracturing proppant. Petroleum and natural gas in deep mining, low permeable deposits by fracturing treatment to the high closure pressure, make the rock cracking of oil and gas, oil and gas from the formation of cracks in the channel collection, this time need to inject a fluid rock base, taking over the fracture stress, the crack rock layer around the wellbore, has formed a ability of top flow channel, open fractures formed to keep after fracturing, oil and gas production can smoothly pass. With the support of the oil with high pressure solution into the formation of filling in the rock cranny, to support the cracks due to stress release and closed role, thereby maintaining the high flow capacity, so that oil and gas flow, increase production.
  Proppant fracturing fluid into by and supported on the fracture the formation fracture, thereby effectively oil and gas import of oil and gas wells, greatly improve the production of oil and gas and extend the life of oil wells.

Natural gas pressure of mining fissure

Because in the process of exploitation of natural gas, salt and sand attached in the water, leading to salty and muddy difficult to re-use. People often in the publicwastewater treatment plant worn surface treatment fracturing residual water, rather than through injection well underground recovery or disposal, is most common inthroughout the Northeast America Marcellus shale, and the origin of this point is also the fracturing of the debate.

In order to reduce the risk of fracture, and reduce the exploitation ceramic proppants of worry,Professor Reible points out that we must do two things: first, the drilling operationmust strictly implement best practices for the industry; second, must be coordinated,reused or re injection water in the more well, or improve surface treatment. Butresearchers at Cockrell School of engineering is committed to the innovation and the cooperation work.

Osmosis chemical engineering petroleum proppant Benny Freeman and doctoral studentdevelopment, more resistant to adhesion, thereby overcoming the obstacles of themaximum water reuse. Completely eliminate the methods of water on the use of stillother researchers. Researchers developed software can make the operator to designhydraulic fracturing, by injecting carbon dioxide, nitrogen, liquid foam or other types of liquids, instead of water to extract oil and natural gas.

Method of limiting layer fracturing

To pressure for multilayer and each layer has different rupture pressure wells. Thenumber and diameter of control of each layer perforation, and as far as possible to improve the injection rate, using the first frac sand perforation friction layer improve the bottom hole pressure and achieve a divider multilayer purpose.

A, B and C three reservoir, fracturing pressure respectively 24, 20 and 22MPa,according to the respective eyelet perforation scheme launched. When injected into the bottom hole pressure is 20 MPa, B laminated open; and then enhance the displacement, due to perforation friction is proportional to the displacement, B layerperforation friction reached 2 MPa injected into the bottom hole pressure is 22 MPa,namely the C layer is pressed; continue to improve the displacement, B layerperforation friction reaches 4MPa at the bottom of the hole injection the pressure is 24 MPa, the A layer is pressed to open. Perforation of the effect is similar to thedownhole throttling device, with a Ceramic proppants displacement increase, the bottom hole pressurecontinues to improve, and then laminated open.

Limit the key flow method of layered fracturing perforating fracturing is to plan according to the requirements of reasonable design, including perforation, hole density and pore size, so that the completion and fracturing to form a unified whole.

Natural gas fracturing transformation project success

Research high temperature fracturing fluid system for high temperature, low permeability reservoir damage sensitivity by low damage, low residue carboxymethyl guar gum study, the formation of high temperature and pressure applied to Jilin Oilfield low permeability tight gas reservoirs of low pressure damage fracturing fluid system, heat index reached 180 degrees, effectively reducing the fracturing fluid injury rate for natural gas wells effective development has provided a guarantee; the second is to carry out research to reduce the system pressure fracturing technology for deeply buried reservoirs, high stresses characteristics, by fracturing string optimization, reducing friction fracturing fluid technology bauxite proppant research, forming a lower fracturing fracturing system supporting technology, to provide technical support for the high-pressure fracturing wells, construction of pump fracturing equipment to improve efficiency, reduce fracturing difficulty; third, to conduct wear thin interbedded sandstone and mudstone layer fracturing technology for over sand mudstone, by building a reservoir model for reservoir analysis, optimization fracturing parameters, forming a thin interbedded wear layer fracturing technology, effectively increasing the use of a single well surrounding reserves; four is to carry out a large-scale study of fracturing technology for low permeability fractured ceramic ball tight gas reservoirs massive demand, by fracturing wellbore integrity analysis, ground systems for liquid build, remote control and command system decision supporting the formation of large-scale fracturing technology to provide effective technical support to improve the well production, increase single well controlled reserves. To provide effective technical support for the effective increase well production, increase single well controlled reserves.

Shale oil and gas ≠ shale gas shale oil +

China's oil and gas industry saw a " shale oil " is , this description is mined from shale gas and shale with this symbiosis, associated shale oil . " Shale gas " read together fluently ,Ceramic proppant in fact, the basic concepts confused confusion . First, shale gas extraction from shale , there are symbiotic with shale gas , associated crude production, be mistaken for shale oil , in fact, dense oil. Currently people on shale oil, tight oil has a different understanding of the meaning , so the shale oil and tight oil in the use of terminology misunderstanding and controversy. Shale and tight rock in scientific research , it will be divided into broad and narrow shale oil , tight oil also will be divided into broad and narrow , but in practice, the two meanings of concise , making it easy to understand. Tight oil and shale oil are both unconventional oil , because of its dense reservoir permeability is extremely poor with conventional technology can not achieve economic development . Tight oil , is in English "tightoil" Chinese translation ,frac proppant also known as light tight oil , shale gas in the production zone of the use of horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing to produce mature oil . From the dense layer and mined oil shale are tight oil . The shale oil corresponding English is "shaleoil", is produced from oil shale oil , also known as kerogen oil , is stranded in the crude oil source rocks , without the migration of immature oil . Oil shale must be heated through artificial hydrogenation by distillation of crude oil extracted from oil shale is similar , also known as synthetic oil . Dense oil in the oil quality the same as the conventional reservoir , all belong to light crude oil and shale oil is a heavy oil , which is the difference between the API gravity and viscosity difference and extracted in different ways. Two different production locations , tight oil from underground mining , and oil shale retorting on the ground . Tight oil need to use horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing technology in order to achieve economic exploitation, and shale gas production in the same way . The main use of the ground retorting oil shale production method , production can be divided into internal combustion , thermal cycling solid France , next door to the heat transfer method, an external injection of hot gas , reaction fluid method for internal combustion -based, China's use of Fushun distillation method . Shale oil is mainly in China , Brazil, Russia and Estonia production . In addition, while many media that the U.S. shale gas and shale oil production ranks first in the world . This statement is also problematic. 2011 China produced about 650,000 tons of shale oil , ranking first in the world .frac sand companies So called "America's shale gas and shale oil production ranks first in the world ," no data to support the foundation . The United States is the largest producer of shale gas , tight oil production is also accompanied by big country , but it is a small country of shale oil production ; China is the largest producer of shale oil , shale gas production is a small country .

Oil central enterprises enjoy energy security bonus

With the development of world economy and global trade , China's economic security interests would be to expand globally , but it is not a one-way , but intertwined . With the development of technology and new energy industries , energy security ,Unconventional gas oil- changing center of gravity of the situation along with national energy security strategy should adjust , adapt technology and new energy industries decide the future of energy security concept. Current foreign oil dependence has significant energy security benefits, but it is imperative to establish fruitful refined oil market supervision system , to change the government 's functional role , dilute the oil central rate of the industry management functions , enhanced oil central rate of the market role, so that all kinds of ownership of market players equal competition in the oil industry , I believe that it is for the oil industry, the largest gain market-oriented reforms , the minimum cost of strategic opportunities.

Changes in world development trend of the mighty , there can enjoy the endless energy security dividends , oil central enterprises should know that micro-known Akira , rainy day. For example ,frac proppant according to current oil price level , electric vehicles can price , only one-third of the price of gasoline and cleaner energy conversion technology with the development of the existing oil pricing mechanism Paul won, but consumers can not be protected . The author has interviewed Shantou Natsuno General Electric Co., Ltd. Chen Zi Ping , He has a "behavioral energy" concept, and developed for use in remote appliance company to replace the remote company used cooking oil furnace . Technological advances such as this , all the time in the development of the market is changing all the time so now advantage of high oil prices , will one day be transformed into trouble disadvantage. Lenovo recently crazy pass " gas will rise sharply rumors ," NDRC price department "message is completely untrue ," voice hardly ever , Changchun and Handan on raised gas prices . From this perspective, not only oil central enterprises , many local governments are trying to push up gas prices , price increases are keen to grab energy bonus , which is a monopoly of thinking for worship . Why do U.S. gas prices cheaper ? A very important reason is that technological progress , thanks to hydraulic fracturing method of large area applications , the United States has been a large area of ​​shale gas development . Even more interesting is the development of shale gas is not a traditional energy giants , but as Michelle Energy Development Corporation such a small company . Therefore, with a view of traditional energy giant has lost the ability to produce cheap energy , but the author is more inclined to believe that Premier Li Keqiang spoke of " reform dividend" , oil and gas industry is now timely reform , as well as bonus released if missed opportunity,hydraulic fracturing dividends on will become negative price. Implementation of the party 's 18 report China's " economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization," " five one" overall layout , to implement the "State Council institutional reform and functional transformation program " in the oil and gas industries not only need to understand the concept is not confined to the existing pattern of interests , reformers need more courage and solid action .