By ceramic shape classification

Ceramic according to shape into gravel-type ceramic, spherical and cylindrical ceramic ceramic.
(1) gravel-shaped ceramic
Gravel-type ceramic Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants use natural mineral production, the first stone grinding, roasting, and then sifting; also available in natural and artificial light materials such as pumice, scoria, cinder, coal and other natural or calcined directly broken screen points derived.
(2) spherical ceramic
Spherical ceramic fracturing proppants is the use of the disc pelletizer. First raw flour, then add water pelletized into balls and then baking or curing together. At present, China's ceramic Most of this variety.
(3) a cylindrical ceramic
Cylindrical ceramic commonly used plastic extrusion. First made of mud, and then cut into a cylindrical shape. This ceramic is suitable for high plasticity clay like material, the yield is relatively low. If using a cylindrical blank brick back firing in the kiln cylinder roll into an oval shape.

Technical construction of oil proppant production safety and quality requirements

Petroleum proppant for clothes, skin corrosion strong, with liquid, must pay attention to safety during construction.
(1) pay attention to the preparation of oil proppant Wear PPE, bold but cautious, there is someone in charge of directing with liquid and well in advance of each lotion, once splashed acid in the body, the face you want to rinse with water, heavy timely sent to hospital for treatment.
(2) with a good oil proppant placed after the ferry to check the acid tanker valves, liquid inlet lid is on tight, can not have drip, drain phenomenon. Vehicle shall be marked with the danger mark at the wellsite shipped cracks pay attention to safety.
(3) the construction team on well after construction should be carefully checked before the wellhead valves are complete, whether the screws tightened to the construction until after passing the wellhead. Firstly wellhead natural gas fracking test the pipeline construction, leak-free mayonnaise, the only sour note to the well.
(4) When a large amount of acid, when a new well acidizing process to prepare the production command vehicle, ambulance wells.
(5) in strict accordance with the design and construction. The quality of acidizing is directly related to the post-acid effect. Therefore, we must ensure construction quality.
① conduct tests, before acidizing, a clear division of labor, unified command: Non-staff shall enter the high-fracking process zone.
② strict accordance with design requirements, acidizing.
③ guarantee the construction of the oil leak proppant not AIDS, given the amount of fluid play enough design.
④ for matrix acidizing pump pressure must not exceed the fracture pressure, ready to observe the construction of pump pressure, ranked the most changes.
⑤ take full, take prospective construction pressure, displacement, construction time, etc., well carefully recorded.
Late Management (four) Construction
After acidizing oil and gas wells, bad management, construction related to the effect of acidification. After acidizing wells shut as designed after timely open wells. If self-spray nozzle is installed drainage capacity requirements; generally when dropped O.1% residual acid concentrations, flowing well stop production of crude oil, non-flowing well from a string acidified turn pump pumping into production. Not since the spray is necessary and timely rehearsal is the key to prevent secondary precipitation acidification success. Oil and gas wells in the production process should be carefully recorded oil, casing fracturing fluid , daily production of oil and gas and other data, such as the timing of the measured fluid level wells. With drainage conditions on injection wells after acidizing according to design requirements to drain residual acid, restore water when the residual acid dropped when OI%; do not have drainage conditions, timely recovery water injection wells, the residual acid formation squeeze Deep. Carefully recorded during the injection pump fracturing proppant , casing pressure, oil fracturing sand , water injection daily, injected water quality data, timing measurements indicate absorption curve, the injection profile and so on.After acidification with a note for a smooth construction by water injection rate can not be too large, otherwise easily lead to the formation velocity sensitivity, acidification effect: To inject water quality water quality standard character sets, this plug formation injection wells, acidified to fail.

Natural gas fracturing transformation project success

Research high temperature fracturing fluid system for high temperature, low permeability reservoir damage sensitivity by low damage, low residue carboxymethyl guar gum study, the formation of high temperature and pressure applied to Jilin Oilfield low permeability tight gas reservoirs of low pressure damage fracturing fluid system, heat index reached 180 degrees, effectively reducing the fracturing fluid injury rate for natural gas wells effective development has provided a guarantee; the second is to carry out research to reduce the system pressure fracturing technology for deeply buried reservoirs, high stresses characteristics, by fracturing string optimization, reducing friction fracturing fluid technology bauxite proppant research, forming a lower fracturing fracturing system supporting technology, to provide technical support for the high-pressure fracturing wells, construction of pump fracturing equipment to improve efficiency, reduce fracturing difficulty; third, to conduct wear thin interbedded sandstone and mudstone layer fracturing technology for over sand mudstone, by building a reservoir model for reservoir analysis, optimization fracturing parameters, forming a thin interbedded wear layer fracturing technology, effectively increasing the use of a single well surrounding reserves; four is to carry out a large-scale study of fracturing technology for low permeability fractured ceramic ball tight gas reservoirs massive demand, by fracturing wellbore integrity analysis, ground systems for liquid build, remote control and command system decision supporting the formation of large-scale fracturing technology to provide effective technical support to improve the well production, increase single well controlled reserves. To provide effective technical support for the effective increase well production, increase single well controlled reserves.

High strength proppant fracturing of oil

With the rapid development of the world oil industry, oil and gas extraction is gradually increasing difficulty, the depth of oil and gas wells deeper, low permeability deposits more and more domestic and foreign high-strength proppant products The demand is also growing. Most domestic manufacturers only produce medium and low intensity of the product, and inconsistent quality, only a small number of enterprises in Guizhou and Jiangsu capable of producing small amounts of high-strength products (less than 12,000 tons), and low product technical performance, the main reflected in the long-term diversion permeability and the ability to quickly decay under high pressure, it is difficult to meet the needs of deep oil and gas exploration.
Our products are mainly dependent on imports of high-strength, global demand for high-strength high crush proppants of over 600,000 tons. Currently, the international market in the production of high strength bauxite proppant fracturing leading level in the United States CARBO company, its products under the crushing rate ≤5% in 69Mpa pressure, and quality of our products has been able to reach ≤5%, its at the same level Under pressure 86Mpa broken rate ≤9%, the technical level of the leading domestic, close to the international advanced level.
US China Ceramic Proppant LTD is engaged in a global proppant conductivity sales of the company, after years of development, has mastered mature production technology and processes, and has developed a low-density, high-strength technology and oil fracturing proppant suppliers production process. To further occupation of foreign markets, the company's investment environment through Guizhou Province conducted an investigation, in June 2005 in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province Xiuwen County was established in pottery proppant (Guizhou) Co., Ltd., for high strength proppant fracturing of oil investment product development and production.
Ceramic china proppant in (Guizhou) Limited a total investment of 13.12 million yuan project, the establishment of an annual output of 20,000 tons of oil proppant production lines and expanding product size, development of new products, the company's products, technology and services in the domestic oil support advanced level agents processing industry, as domestic oil ceramic proppant manufacturers enterprises. After the project is put into operation, the annual sales income of 42.9 million yuan is expected to total annual average profit of 15.093 million yuan, the annual average 8.301 million yuan turned over to state taxes. After the implementation of this project, can replace imported products, save a lot of foreign exchange for the country. At the same time as the product not only of good quality, to more advanced international level, but the origin has a wealth of resources, low production cost, highly competitive in the international market. Project advantages mainly in the following aspects:
1,the main producing areas of Guizhou bauxite, convenient source of raw materials, with the world's other manufacturers can not match advantage;
2,the parent company of the project implementation unit of the United States --- China Ceramic Proppant LTD engaged in the sale of oil proppant, has acquired a large number of foreign customers, the first batch of products exported by the company to complete, 70% of the domestic exports carried out by the company;
3,due to the optimization of the formulation and process path, capital investment in the equipment a lot lower than peers, while significantly reducing the consumption of raw materials, compared with other domestic and foreign manufacturers have a large production cost advantage;
4.Petroleum frac proppant products currently in its infancy in the country, and foreign company's product sales price is too high, the country's high-production costs, inconsistent quality, so the company's products have broad market potential and strong market competitiveness;
5,corporate team only has better technical development capabilities, but also has abundant experience in corporate management. By US China Ceramic Proppant LTD provides strong backing for the company's development. Meanwhile, the corporate team has long experience in foreign trade of petroleum ceramic proppant products, with abundant resources and stable trade customers, compared to other domestic manufacturers have obvious advantages in terms of sales channels.

Experiments oil fracturing proppant

According to the new city Jinbi Refractories Co. http://www.jinbinaicai.com understand,
Proppant conductivity experiments on long-term precision equipment and laboratory staff require a higher level of technology, such as proppant testing Langfang Branch Laboratory in 1995 first in the country to carry out development work flow API linear conductivity proppant long-term experimental device On the basis of preliminary experiments in 2005 Langfang Branch continued transformation of the original equipment in automatic load control, test liquid provision of micro-pressure measurement system has been a major adjustment, based on the use of domestic equipment existing conditions, reduce instrument manufacturing costs, saving a lot of foreign exchange. The manufacturing cost of self-developed test system is only about 1/8 of the import system.
The system is tested by the long-term diversion capacity of medium density ceramic ultra lightweight proppant achieved satisfactory results prove the long-term domestic proppant conductivity test equipment complies with the test requirements because of the zero displacement issues handled properly, domestic long proppant suppliers Test results diversion capacity of the equipment has successfully developed a higher long-term credibility of domestic diversion capacity of the equipment for our further investment in low permeability oil and gas field development an important issue, the old oilfields refracturing provide strong technical support.

Concerning oil proppant

Oil fracturing high crush proppants (ceramic sand) is a ceramic granular product with high fracture strength, mainly for the oil well supported, to increase production of oil and natural gas, an environmentally friendly product. 

This product is the use of high-quality bauxite, coal and other raw materials, sintered ceramic, is a substitute for natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls and other low-strength fracturing proppant, to increase production of oil and gas has a positive effect. 

When oil and gas exploration in deep, high pressure low permeability Deposits closed after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the channel formed by the collection out of the cracks. Along with a high-pressure high-alumina support material solution into the formation filling in cracks in the rock, do not play a supporting crack closure due to stress release effect, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of high-alumina proppant fracturing wells can increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells, a key material in the oil and gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration and construction. Products used in deep fracturing, it will be filled to the low permeability fractured rock deposits in high closed fracture treatment, the hydrocarbon rock split, play a supporting fissures not because of stress release and closed, thereby maintaining the oil and gas high flow capacity, not only to increase oil and gas production, and can extend the service life of oil and gas wells.

Production of ceramic proppant should note the following seven elements

In this paper, the main raw material level bauxite, dolomite, boric acid, bentonite, precipitated barium sulfate as a secondary raw material to manufacture Ceramic proppants, investigated the effect of addition of various raw materials for proppant performance. The results show that the ratio of raw materials through the rational design of improved granulation process and select the appropriate firing temperature can develop excellent performance ceramic proppant. After industrial production practice, confirmed that the design of the production process is feasible. Study the following conclusions:
(1) According to the Al203-Si02 binary phase diagram, select the level of bauxite-based raw material, adding a certain amount of auxiliary materials can produce excellent performance of ceramic proppant, the process parameters are affordable range of company equipment within;
(2) silica powder because small particles can be effectively filled in the gaps between the bauxite and other fines, in the firing process, due to their activity, is conducive to reduce the sintering temperature, while an appropriate amount of silicon powder also help to improve performance;
(3) is introduced in the form of barium sulfate, barium oxide, barium carbonate and the effect of the introduction of barium oxide can be increased as the strength of the proppant. When the amount of barium sulfate 超过 5 lnj weak s%, the intensity decreases sharply, so the amount should not exceed 5 m weak s%;
(4) Add 2 mass% of dolomite, can effectively reduce the acid solubility, but also can reduce the sintering temperature, play to save energy, reduce the cost of action. Bentonite is introduced to increase the strength of semi-finished products, reducing the ash off phenomenon during storage and transportation process, you can drop ring formation is only the chance to improve the pass rate;
(5) By comparing the various methods on Oil fracturing proppant granulation performance, designed a new granulation process. First, the new technology is the traditional spray drying equipment to do the following improvements:
I) will be expanded to the hole diameter piece 2.5-2,8 mm:
II) The non-porous flat plate to 2.8-3.0 mm perforated cover:
The improved slurry discharged after reducing the shear rate to give a smaller spray angle and increase the droplet diameter, to obtain a better particle. By controlling the water content in the slurry, while optimizing the spray drying parameters, can greatly improve the appearance and quality of the particles, not only a uniform particle size, but also eliminates the center due to the rapid evaporation of water vapor generated enormous pressure to form a fracture surface of the particles cavity; good sphericity particles, greater density (1.2-1.3g, cI113). But still relatively rough surface of the particles, but also close enough, on this basis, select the sugar coating machine treatment processes and achieved good results;
(6) the density and particle size of the raw material have a certain impact on the performance of the proppant, especially some larger particle size effects. Raw material particle size of 0.004 mm obtained proppant strength higher than the particle size of 0,01 mm of 80--90%, the particle the higher the density the greater the strength;
(7) the firing control Proppants for hydraulic fracturing an important part of the final performance, in order to prevent burning and burnt due to the occurrence, the firing temperature must be strictly controlled. In this study, the ratio of the material, the optimum firing temperature of 1360 ± 5 ℃, so that one can guarantee the quality of products, on the other hand can greatly improve the pass rate.

Two main purposes

It can be widely used in fracturing proppant fracturing deep, high-pressure oil and gas layers. High quality bauxite, the main raw  material crushing finely ground into powder resin coated frac sand after, with various additives, repeatedly mixing, granulating, polishing. High temperature sintering, the product has a high compressive strength, low density, good sphericity, finish high conductivity and strong advantages. By the China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development high density ceramic Langfang Branch support evaluation laboratory testing, the performance indicators fully meet SY / T5108-2006, SY / T6302-1997 standard, currently in the lead.

Exports and development of large enterprises frac proppant provides a rare opportunity

From the international environment, first, the ongoing transfer of industries in Western countries, China is facing a good opportunity to become the world's manufacturing center. Second, the international oil fracturing proppant prices continued to rise, stimulating investors have the funds to invest in oil exploration and development and oil processing, the formation of a new round of oil investment peak surge in demand for frac proppant. Our frac proppant products cost-effective than some developed countries, has a comparative advantage. Third, the three major oil well fracking companies are vigorously implement the "going out" strategy to accelerate overseas business development, can stimulate domestic frac proppant into the international market. These are for export and development of large enterprises frac proppant provides a rare opportunity. However, the development of frac proppant industry is also facing serious challenges. With international oil prices continued to rise and continued tight supply of oil and gas, oil and gas exploration and development Resin coated frac sand investment continued to increase the pace of energy such as oil and gas pipeline infrastructure continues to accelerate, substantial growth in demand for ceramic proppants, which also attracted a large number Investors have entered, intensified market competition.

Fired ceramic proppant production is most important a process

Fired fracturing proppant production is most important a process, have a great impact on their microstructure and macroscopic properties. After determining the ratio of the specimen, it will produce a fine powder in the firing process at a lower temperature Fracturing proppants between the liquid phase, but also to fracturing proppant and petrochemical reactions corundum crystal form transition occurs, and therefore the firing temperature must be controlled so that maintained within the optimum temperature range to ensure after the firing has excellent overall performance. If the temperature is too high there will be over-burning phenomenon, and ferric oxide (Fc203) of content. After the surface of a liquid phase, the oxygen diffusion to the center of the fracturing proppant block, this time occurs ceramic proppant suppliers reactions. Since the volume of the strength and the effect of the density of the reaction products are reduced. If the calcination temperature is too low due to burning phenomenon occurs due to insufficient sintering, its intensity is reduced. Firing temperature has little effect on the bulk density, but has a greater impact on the fracturing proppant crushing rate and the frac sand companies acid solubility. Minimum firing temperature corresponding crushing rate of 1360 ℃, while the corresponding acid solubility best when firing temperature is 1350 ℃. Therefore, in order to obtain the desired combination of properties, the firing temperature must be between 1350-1370 ℃; producing a high strength fracturing proppant to the firing temperature should be controlled at about 1360 ℃, the solubility of the acid <5%, to meet the Claim.

Frac proppant particulate product is a ceramic

It can be widely used in frac proppant fracturing deep, high-pressure oil and gas layers. Frac proppant is a granular product with high fracturing intensity, mainly for oilfield downhole support, to increase fracturing proppants production of oil and gas, an environmentally friendly product. This product is the use of high-quality bauxite and other raw materials, sintered ceramic, is a substitute for natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls and other low-strength frac proppant, to increase production of oil and gas have good results. When oil and gas exploration in deep, high ceramic proppants pressure low permeability deposits closed after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum, oil and gas channel formed from the cracks in the collection out. Ceramic support material along with high-pressure solution into the formation filling in cracks in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high density ceramic conductivity, so that oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of frac proppant fracturing wells can increase yields by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells. By the China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Langfang Branch support evaluation laboratory testing.

Hydraulic fracturing is widely used in oil and gas well stimulation prospects

Hydraulic fracturing is the use of ground pressure pump, squeeze with higher viscosity fracturing fluid to the reservoir through the wellbore. When hydraulic fracturing fluid injection rate exceeds the absorption capacity of the reservoir, a high pressure is formed at the bottom of the oil fracturing proppant reservoir, when such pressure exceeds the fracture pressure near the bottom of reservoir rock and the oil will be pressed open cracks. At this time, continue to keep the oil squeeze hydraulic fracturing fluid reservoir internal cracks will continue to expand. In order to maintain pressure to open cracks in the open state, and then to squeeze into the sand-carrying fluid reservoir with proppant (usually quartz sand), followed by sand-carrying fluid Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants into the cracks, one can make the cracks continue to extend forward, on the other hand You can support has been pressure to open the cracks, it Buzhi Yu closed. Then again injected into the displacement fluid, the wellbore fluid carrying sand into the cracks of all replacement with quartz sand to prop up the cracks. Finally, the high viscosity hydraulic fracturing fluid injected degradation automatically discharged outside the wellbore, leaving the reservoir in one or more of length, width, ranging from a high of cracks, so that establish a new path between the fluid reservoir and the wellbore. After fracturing, oil and gas wells generally yield substantial growth.Filled high crush proppants with proppant and support these cracks, when the fracturing fluid reflux proppant will remain to form a channel in these gaps, so oil and gas can flow in the well. Hydraulic fracturing is a broad prospect of oil and gas well stimulation, hydraulic fracturing method is the main form of exploitation of natural gas, requires the incorporation of chemical substances with plenty of water poured into the hydraulically fracture shale to release natural gas.

Fracturing proppant basic information and classification

Fracturing proppant is a granular product with high fracturing intensity, mainly for oilfield downhole support, to increase production of oil and gas, an environmentally friendly product. This product is the use of high-quality bauxite and other raw materials, sintered ceramic, is a substitute for natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls and other fracturing proppant fracturing proppant, to increase production of oil and gas have good results. When oil and gas exploration in deep, high pressure low permeability deposits closed after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum, oil and gas channel formed from the cracks in the collection out. Fracturing proppant material along with high-pressure hydraulic fracturing proppant solution into the formation filling in cracks in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that oil fracturing proppant and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of fracturing proppant fracturing wells can increase yields by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells. The product has a high compressive strength, low density, good sphericity, finish high conductivity and strong advantages. By the China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Langfang Branch support evaluation laboratory testing.

fracturing proppant Coefficient of thermal expansion

Advantages of ceramic ball bearings 15.

High temperature

Coefficient of thermal expansion of the ceramic balls, in a high temperature environment because of the temperature does not cause expansion of the ball bearing, thereby greatly enhancing the use of the temperature of the bearing, 

oil fracturing proppantplain bearing temperature of 160 degrees, the ceramic balls can reach 220 degrees Celsius. MA 13-967-37-76-90

High speed

Ceramic balls with oil-free self-lubricating properties, low coefficient of friction ceramic balls, ceramic ball bearings therefore has a high speed, according to statistics with ceramic ball bearings are generally bearing speed 1.5 times more speed.

Ceramic ball can not add any oil, grease means that even kill, acid fracturing‍ bearing still able to operate, thus avoiding the occurrence of fat to get rid of because of premature bearing damage caused by the phenomenon of ordinary bearing. According to our testing and feedback from some of our customers use ceramic ball bearing service life is 2-3 times more common after bearing.

Insulation

Finally and most importantly, insulation, ceramic ball bearings, the bearing can make the insulation between the inner and outer rings, since the ceramic ball insulator between the inner and outer rings of the bearing with ceramic balls, the insulation effect can be achieved. This allows the bearings can be used in a conductive environment. rolling bearing by the rings, rolling elements, retainer, composed grease, seals, when rolling hydraulic fracturing benefits‍ ceramic material, which is defined as the rolling bearing ceramic ball bearings.

fracturing proppant This high degree of standardization bearing

ceramic ball bearings

In the development and application of engineering ceramic products, ceramic ball bearings are a 

typical example of engineering ceramics are widely used in the industrial field, and are highly 

valued in many countries. In the high-speed precision bearings, 

oil fracturing proppant‍ the most widely used hybrid ceramic ball bearings, rolling elements that use hot Si3N4 ceramic ball bearing ring remains rims. This high degree of standardization bearing, structural alterations of the machine is small, easy maintenance, especially suitable for high-speed operation of acid fracturing‍ occasions. Its high-speed spindle assembly, a high-speed, high stiffness, high power, long life and other advantages. A bearing arrangement: inner and outer ring bearing steel / stainless steel + ceramic ball + PA66 / stainless steel retainer +2 RS/ZZ2 high temperature grease, 3 ceramic ball bearings and plain bearings hydraulic fracturing benefits‍ compared advantages:

fracturing proppant Produced by cutting or grinding action

Drilling

Drilling (drilling) is a mechanical device, a cylindrical bore is drilled in the formation of a predetermined depth engineering. By rock crushing manner and the type of tools 

oil fracturing proppant‍ can be divided into Dayton drilling and rotary drilling.

1 Introduction

In geology, the use of underground drilling equipment to drill a smaller diameter, the depth of the larger cylindrical hole, known as drilling. Drilling diameter and depth of sizes, depending on the use of drilling and mineral burial depth. Drilling for oil, gas and groundwater drilling diameters are larger. The main functions are: ① get underground kind of information, that is to take the core, mine heart, debris, liquid sample, such as gaseous samples from the well. ② as geophysical logging channels, access to a variety of rock layers geophysical field data. ③ as an proppant conductivity‍ artificial aquifer hydrogeological observation channel dynamics. ④ used for exploration, mining, developers groundwater, oil and gas, and geothermal drilling.

Drilling usually use is divided into geological survey or exploration drilling, hydrogeological drilling, wells or engineering geology drilling, geothermal drilling, oil drilling, coal drilling, ore field drilling, drilling and other construction ground.

Dayton Drill

Dayton drill, also known as impact drill. Dayton drill with a rope to the bottom, by a power-driven walking beam mechanism, so that one end of the beam moves up and down, and drive up and down the rope and drill generate impact, the rock crushing. Leighton diamond drilling speed is slow, inefficient and unable to meet the increasing depth and drilling requires complex formation, gradually being replaced by rotary drilling. But it has a simple equipment, low cost and no pollution oil, etc., can be used for some low shallow wells, wells dropout.

Rotary drill

Produced by cutting or grinding action of hydraulic fracturing benefits‍the rotating drill bit broken rock. Is the most common methods of drilling. Beaton diamond drill fast, and easy to handle well collapse, blowouts and other complex situations. Press the power transfer mode, rotating the drill can be divided into rotary drilling and downhole drilling two types: rotary drilling device at the wellhead turntable rig, wheel well and the central part of the hole, the drill string side of the square hole through the kelly , then under kelly drill string and drill bit, drill string and drill bit driven when powered turntable rotates together, broken rock. Downhole drilling using downhole drill motor driven drill crushing rock, while drilling the drill string does not rotate, wear, life is short, especially suitable for directional well. Downhole drilling turbo drill, screw drill and electric drilling.

Drilling is the use of downhole drill turbodrill, rotary screw drill and impact drill by drilling fluids driven approach. Characterized footage quickly, WOB small, high pressure pump. Suitable for drilling directional wells or special hard bottom hole section.

Rotary drilling equipment by function into the system, improve the system, mud circulation system. Power and transmission and control systems.‍

Shale gas revolution in the concepts

Shale gas revolution in the concepts

As society growing demand for clean energy, natural gas prices are ceramic proppant manufacturers rising, people are rapidly increasing understanding of shale gas. In particular, the level of horizontal wells and fracturing technology continues to progress, the human exploration and development of the shale gas boom is being formed.

China shale gas shale enrichment and demonstration area

China shale gas shale enrichment and demonstration area [1]

Shale gas is mined out from shale gas, methane-based ingredients, is proppant suppliers an important unconventional gas resources. Formation and enrichment of shale gas has its own unique characteristics, often greater thickness distribution in the basin, widely distributed shale source rock formations. Compared to more conventional natural gas, shale gas reservoirs with self-generated self-storage features, both shale source rocks, reservoirs and is not subject to structural control, no traps, no clear the air-water interface. Shale gas buried large depth range, depth from 200 m to 3000 m deep at. Most widely shale gas distribution, a large thickness, and generally containing gas, which makes possible to stabilize shale gas production rate of long-term gas, having a long cycle life and long exploitation advantages. [2]

Global shale gas resources are very rich. It is predicted that the world shale gas resources of 456 trillion cubic meters, mainly in North America, Central Asia and China, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, the former Soviet Union and other regions. Coal seam gas And conventional natural gas equivalent, shale gas resource potential may be greater than conventional natural gas.

frac sand companies Status of CBM development

Survey: China to carry out CBM exploration companies is not much more powerful coal-bed methane company is one of the few, mainly in Shanxi and Henan and other places fracking process for mining, such as PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company, in conjunction, Orion, Asia United States mainland, Greka, Shanxi coalbed methane companies, these companies are mostly foreign. 

Data 

According to "China's coalbed methane resources exploration and investment prospects Analysis Market Outlook Report Outlook" [5] data show that global shallow depth of about 240 trillion cubic meters in 2000 meters of coalbed methane resources, which is twice more than proven reserves of conventional natural gas the world's major coal-producing countries have attached great importance to the development of coalbed methane. Exploitation started the United States, Britain, Germany, Russia and other countries of CBM earlier, mainly in the former coal mining drainage and drainage ways Gob closed drainage CBM industry is more mature. Early 1980s, the United States began to experiment with the application of conventional oil and gas wells (ie, surface drilling) the exploitation of coalbed methane and get a breakthrough, marking the world's coal-bed methane development has entered a new phase. 

Coal bed methane is itself self-generated from unconventional gas reservoir type, there are 74 countries in the world bears the coalbed methane resources in China amounted to 36.8 trillion cubic meters of coalbed methane resources, ranking third in the world. China CBM resources of about 10 trillion cubic meters, total proven reserves of 102.3 billion cubic meters of methane gas, recoverable reserves of about 47 billion cubic meters. 95% of the country's coal-bed methane resources are located in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan and Anhui, and four gas-bearing area, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, ceramic ball which contains the largest area of ​​coalbed methane gas resources for 17.25 trillion cubic meters, accounting for about 50% of the country's total coalbed methane resources. 

In 2006, China CBM development will be included in the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy development plan, and to develop a specific implementation measures, development of coalbed methane industry ushered good opportunity for development. Since 2007, the government has unveiled a broken franchise, tax incentives, financial subsidies and many other supportive policies to encourage the development and utilization of CBM, the rapid development of China's CBM industry, industrial prototype fade. 

In 2007, the national gas extraction 4.735 billion cubic meters, the use of 1.446 billion cubic meters. Where underground coal mine gas drainage capacity 4.4 billion cubic meters, completed 127 percent planning goals. Formation of CBM production capacity of 100,000 cubic meters, is 2-fold in 2006. CBM production 330 million cubic meters, an increase of more than double in 2006. From 2005 to 2007, a total of approximately 1,700 drilling, drilling accounted for 85% of total accumulated over the years. 

As of the end of 2007, the domestic proven reserves of 134 billion cubic meters of methane gas, coal bed methane in the commercial production of less than 400 million cubic meters. According to "the CBM (coal gas) development and utilization of the" Eleventh Five-Year "plan", 2010, new coal-bed oil well fracking methane reserves of 300 billion cubic meters of proven geological; bed methane, coal mine gas drainage capacity 10 billion cubic meters; construction seams gas pipeline 10, the total designed capacity of 6.5 billion cubic meters gas; key construction Basin, Erdos Basin Dongyuan two coalbed methane industry base.

Hydraulic fracking strengths and weaknesses

We have long been considered a non- gelled water is one of the most cleanest, most economical fracturing fluid . If the filtration problems in the formation  maide fracturing fluid compatibility issues and minimal case , the non- thickened water as a base fracturing fluid will be of great significance . These stimulation usually refers to  maide hydraulic fracturing benefits ,reducing water resistance or branches fracturing fracturing ( occasionally ) , they usually require a large number of high-speed pumped water containing a small amount of reducing agent and proppant . In the application, compared with the traditional thickening fluid , this method can reduce the capital investment on the one hand , on the other hand so that hydraulic fracturing is more economically viable than other uses thickening fluid fracturing methods. Like other technical measures to increase production and hydraulic fracturing has its advantages , but also has its drawbacks . This particular method is the key to its screening principles will be applied to fit the unique advantages of this region or strata .

1 maide fracturing proppants potential advantages include:

2 simple operation, the use of a single chemical agents ;
3 can produce a considerable length of hydraulic ;
4 initial production can be compared with the normal stimulation intended ;
5 . Costs lower than normal stimulation .
As expected, the hydraulic fracturing also has shortcomings, such as :
1 confined to the low amount of sand strata ;
2 rapid sand filtration rate ;
(3) the effective fracture length is shorter ;
4 Compared with ordinary fracturing operations of similar size , the larger the decrease in final yield ;
5 The following fracturing aquifer has certain risks.
In essence , the hydraulic fracturing of various unfavorable factors show poor ability to carry proppant fracturing fluid . If the proppant can be effectively carried in place of water , the potential adverse consequences will be significantly reduced or even disappear completely .

Hydraulic fracturing recipe for disaster ?

"Now all the fractured gas reservoirs are water power , but I'm here to make an appeal , do not water fracturing , although that can save costs, but will bring endless troubles ." Professor, China University of Petroleum , China Academy of Engineering in 2012 Shen honest outcry International Petroleum industry Forum held recently .   With the rise of shale gas in the world , the development process is also used in the maide hydraulic fracturing method of rapid promotion , but the potential groundwater contamination and other environmental threats can not be underestimated . Previously, hydraulic fracturing has caused controversy in many countries , the French government issued a ban on its even .   For such a " recipe for disaster " technology , there is no proven technology can replace . However, according to the reporter , the world has begun to study the relevant alternative technologies , including some of China's research institutes.   It is reported that China University of Petroleum ( Beijing ) and China University of Petroleum ( East China ) After four years of research and experimentation , initially explore a supercritical carbon dioxide to develop unconventional oil and gas programs . Although the study is still in the laboratory stage, but for the alternative technology of maide hydraulic fracture stimulation ,the project leader Shen honest and told the " China Science News" reporter : "The future had to go this way ." Hydraulic fracturing controversy and more   The so-called hydraulic fracturing method refers to the chemical substance mixed with sand and high pressure water injection wells in parallel to break the shale and release shale gas. Every hydraulic breakers require millions of tons of water , and a large number of chemicals added to the fracturing fluid is injected though deep strata , without causing direct contamination of groundwater, but in the long run, there will still be a potential hazard.   In fact , hydraulic fracturing is not a new technology, already put forward in the 1940s , was mainly used in the transformation of old wells , enhanced oil recovery . According to Dean of China Langfang Development Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration Dingyun Hong , China's in the 1950s would hit the first saliva fracturing wells across the country each year there are 30,000 new wells.   For hypotonic ultra-low permeability oil , unconventional oil and gas reservoirs to increase production, the effect of hydraulic fracturing technology is obvious . But for such a shortage of large country , its fracturing process consumes a lot of water is quite amazing .   2011 China's first shale gas exploration in the Sichuan Weiyuan recovery , the British "Guardian" whether the region had adequate water resources has questioned , and that this will be the biggest challenge of shale gas development .   In addition, if shale gas development will lead to earthquakes and other issues , the U.S. Geological Survey is also under investigation , is not yet known .

Hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is a broad prospect for oil and gas well stimulation,  maide hydraulic fracturing method is the main form of exploitation of natural gas, requiring the incorporation of chemical substances with plenty of water poured into the hydraulically fracture shale to release natural gas. The technology in 10 years in the United States to promote a wide range, but the Americans are worried that the technology will pollute the water, thus threatening the local ecological environment and the health of residents. And that the technology to bring great harm to the environment, including water so spontaneous combustion, causing a small earthquake. Opponents point out the potential environmental impacts, including contamination of groundwater, freshwater depletion, air quality risks, gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to migrate to the surface, the surface leakage and backflow contamination, as well as the impact of these issues on health

Single well stimulation effects of hydraulic fracturing and its effects prediction

From the point of view of reservoir engineering , hydraulic fracture is hypertonic with oil layer with a certain directional length, width and height of the geometry. After single well fracturing, hydraulic fracture system consisting of the wellbore , and reservoir connectivity when the area is much larger than the area of ​​the wellbore without maide hydraulic fracturing significantly reduces the time of the formation of a single well production flow resistance , which is after fracturing a single the basic mechanism of increasing production wells. When the drilled reservoir, near the bottom zone due to drilling and other injuries leaving decline, so that by fracturing  maide Hydraulic  fracture through the injury zone ( generally hurt with less than 2m) into uninjured reservoir, so that did not hurt the oil layer the oil flow through hydraulic fractures into the wellbore , restore and enhance the natural capacity of the well . When single well fracturing, often both mechanisms work.
In general, the relatively high permeability reservoir, due to the pressure of the production wells into production soon entered the quasi-steady flow conditions , the output can be used to predict the radial flow equation solving , generally , it can be used with McGuire and Sikora Prats way to solve it. Conversely , in the relatively low permeability reservoir , production well pressure operation, the liquid oil will long remain unsteady flow conditions , the impact of the crack should be solved in a non- steady-state conditions , can be applied to non- steady typical curves plates or single-phase reservoir simulation flow Agarwal et al state or Holditch et al . If the water in the reservoir and for the overall development of fracturing its production forecast dimensional numerical simulation of three-phase reservoir need to use . Using models and calculation methods yield the correct pressure , is the basis for economic optimization of fracture design .

Fracturing sand blocking mechanism and prevention technologies

Water is an important american sand fracturing stimulation of low permeability gas field, due to the high angle directional well completion, perforation orientation is inconsistent with thin decision to stress, fracturing layers crack direction, multi-layer structure interaction, make fractured wells week initial bending cracks and multiple fractures, blocking the formation fracturing sand. The results confirmed: the formation of the main factors is well maide fracturing sand plug multiple fractures week bend limiting fracturing fluid flow in fractures; overlapping multi-slit width of cracks caused by competition proppant bridging; natural fractures or multiple fractures to reduce fluid loss efficiency of the fracturing fluid, affecting the development of the main crack. Prevent fracturing sand plug on drilling vertical wells drilled as possible to improve the perforation phase, the application of the same diameter of the pump stops proppant slug technology to promote the main crack extension, to ensure adequate fracture width, prevent fracturing sand plug.

There are many kinds of fracturing fluid composition

As the case may be, the main purpose is to look at its
Packer fluid is divided into two types: the first water as a dispersion medium such as water-based  maide fracturing Proppants thickened water, gel, oil in water emulsions, water-based foam and so on are some of the acidic solution. The second is mineral oil as a dispersion medium such as

oil-based  maide resin coated frac sand fluid thickened oil, oil-in-water emulsion, oil-based foam.
Fracturing fluid performance requirements: good high viscosity, lubricity is good, a small amount of fluid loss, low friction, to be fracturing fluid layer without clogging and damage, fluid mine pollution, thermal stability and shear stability , low residue, good compatibility, broken plastic rapid, wide supply, ease of preparation, economical and reasonable.

Fracking strengths and weaknesses

We have long been considered a non- gelled water is one of the most cleanest, most economical fracturing fluid . If the filtration problems in the formation fracturing fluid compatibility issues and minimal case , the non- thickened water as a base maide fracturing proppant fluid will be of great significance . These stimulation usually refers to  maide hydraulic fracturing proppant,reducing water resistance or branches fracturing fracturing ( occasionally ) , they usually require a large number of high-speed pumped water containing a small amount of reducing agent and proppant . In the application, compared with the traditional thickening fluid , this method can reduce the capital investment on the one hand , on the other hand so that hydraulic fracturing is more economically viable than other uses thickening fluid fracturing methods. Like other technical measures to increase production and hydraulic fracturing has its advantages , but also has its drawbacks . This particular method is the key to its screening principles will be applied to fit the unique advantages of this region or strata .
1 hydraulic fracturing potential advantages include:
2 simple operation, the use of a single chemical agents ;
3 can produce a considerable length of hydraulic ;
4 initial production can be compared with the normal stimulation intended ;
5 . Costs lower than normal stimulation .
As expected, the hydraulic fracturing also has shortcomings, such as :
1 confined to the low amount of sand strata ;
2 rapid sand filtration rate ;
(3) the effective fracture length is shorter ;
4 Compared with ordinary fracturing operations of similar size , the larger the decrease in final yield ;
5 The following fracturing aquifer has certain risks.
In essence , the hydraulic fracturing of various unfavorable factors show poor ability to carry proppant fracturing fluid . If the proppant can be effectively carried in place of water , the potential adverse consequences will be significantly reduced or even disappear completely .

Hydraulic fracturing

Maide Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants is increase production of oil and gas wells, injection wells by injection of an important technical measures, not only widely used in low osmotic pressure reservoir, and in hypertonic reservoir stimulation transformation also achieved good results . It is the use of advanced ground pump maide hydraulic fracturing benifits, high mucus has greatly exceeded the absorption capacity of the underlying displacement injection wells, in the bottom suffocating pressure, when the pressure is greater than the near wellbore formation rock to stress and tensile strength, in the bottom formation near the cracks. Continue with injected fluid carrying sand proppant, fracture extends forward and filled with proppant in the fracture closure shut the proppant to form a certain geometry and conductivity of sand filling in the vicinity of the bottom strata cracks that reach well stimulation process measures attention.

Introduction to hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is a broad prospect for oil and gas well stimulation , hydraulic fracturing method is the main form of exploitation of natural gas , requiring the incorporation of chemical substances with plenty of water poured into the hydraulically fracture shale to release natural gas. The technology in 10 years in the United States to promote a wide range , but the Americans are worried that the technology will pollute the water , thus threatening the local ecological environment and the health of residents . And that the technology to bring great harm to the environment , including water so spontaneous combustion , causing a small earthquake. Opponents point out the potential environmental impacts, including contamination of groundwater , freshwater depletion, air quality risks , gases and  maide hydraulic fracturing benifits chemicals to migrate to the surface , the surface leakage and backflow contamination , as well as the impact of these issues on health.Principle: Hydraulic fracturing is the use of ground pressure pump , squeeze with higher viscosity fracturing fluid to the reservoir through the wellbore . When maide hydraulic fracturing proppant fluid injection rate exceeds the absorption capacity of the reservoir , a high pressure is formed in the bottom reservoir, when such pressure exceeds the fracture pressure near the bottom of the reservoir rock , and oil will be pressed open cracks . At this time, continue to keep the oil squeeze fracturing fluid reservoir internal cracks will continue to expand . In order to maintain pressure to open cracks in the open state , then squeeze the oil sand-carrying fluid with proppant ( usually quartz sand ) , followed by sand-carrying fluid into the cracks , one can make the cracks continue to extend forward , on the other hand can support the opening pressure has cracks Without limiting closed . Followed by injection of fluid replacement , the wellbore fluid carrying sand into the cracks of all replacement with quartz sand to prop up the cracks . Finally , the high viscosity fracturing fluid injected degradation automatically discharged outside the borehole , leaving the one or more reservoir length , width , height ranging from cracks that establish a new path between the fluid reservoir and the wellbore . After fracturing, production of oil and gas wells are generally substantial growth.

Oil and gas fracturing proppant ceramic sand

Oil fracturing proppant ( ceramic sand ) is a ceramic particle product with high fracture strength , mainly for oilfield downhole support to increase production of oil and maide Shale gas revolution , an environmentally friendly product .
    This product is the use of high-quality bauxite , coal and other raw materials, ceramic sintering , is a substitute for natural quartz sand , glass beads , metal balls and other low- strength proppant , to increase production of oil and gas has a positive effect .
When oil and maide gas fracking exploration in deep , high pressure low permeability deposit closure after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum , oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed by the pooled out. Along with a high-pressure high-alumina support material was filled into the formation in rock fissures , cracks do not play a supporting but closed due to stress release , thereby maintaining high conductivity , so that the oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of high-alumina proppant fracturing wells can increase production by 30-50% , but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells , is the key material oil, gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration, construction . Products used in deep fracturing when it is filled to the low permeability fractured rock deposits in high closed fracturing treatment to split hydrocarbon formations , play a supporting fissure is closed not because of stress release , thereby maintaining oil and gas high flow capacity , not only to increase oil and gas production , and more to extend the service life of oil and gas wells .

How brief is operated drilling machine

Can not do without the use of large-scale drilling engineering drilling machine equipment , and its good performance greatly enhance the speed and efficiency of drilling , especially in remote areas more extensive drilling machine with the crowd , then drilling machine in the end is how it works ?
Work drilling machine is pumping reverse circulation . Its working principle is: the role of atmospheric pressure , circulating liquid from the settling tank through the ring back to the ditch along the bottom of the borehole flow gap , because the turntable drive maide well drilling , rotary drill bit for drilling drive , negative pressure created by the suction of the mud debris drill mud suction lumen , then rose to tap into the sedimentation tank through mud circulating liquid precipitation continues to flow into the well bore , so again and again , forming a reverse circulation the drilling work .
Drill mud or water from entering the outflow from the wellhead . Positive circulation drilling machine . Mud or suck out water from the drill pipe from the wellhead inflows. To reverse circulation drilling machine . Reverse circulation drilling means ( mud or water ) in the drilling machine cycle way of saying , drilling rig will drill in drilling when generating muck , slag stone, by reverse circulation can bring these scum from the mud to the ground , and then through the mud after the settler back to drilling. Such non-stop cycle , and finally into the hole . Reverse circulation can bring out a larger diameter slag.

Hydraulic fracturing process

Many media reports, hydraulic fracturing is not a " drilling process ." , After the completion of drilling using Maide hydraulic fracturing benifits . Simply put, is the use of hydraulic fracturing fluids and materials , create or restore the formation of small well fracking to stimulate the production of new and existing oil and gas wells. This creates a path to increase the rate of fluid can be produced from the reservoir, in some cases , by the many hundreds of percent, the method comprising the following steps to protect the water supply . To ensure that neither the final fluid to be pumped through the hole , nor will eventually be collected by the oil or gas into the water, surface or intermediate casing steel insert well depth between 1,000 and 4,000
Feet. These sleeves " string" and drilling ( wells ) , known as the space between the rings are filled cement. Once the cement , and then continue drilling or transition from the ground to the bottom of the next depth carburizing steel housing. This process is repeated , using smaller steel casing each time , until it reaches the oil and gas reservoirs ( typically 6,000 to 10,000 feet ) . The following diagram is a typical Eagle Ford Shale wells of a promotion in south-central Texas . Here there is a more detailed housing and groundwater protection role.

Resin coated sand used in oilfield fracturing of

Hydraulic fracturing technology after half a century of development , has become a major oil and gas well stimulation Measures . The main mechanism of hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells and injection wells yield increase is due to the injection of proppant Supporting role for cracks to form in the formation long enough , has a certain conductivity The sand filling cracks. Visible, proppant Maide fracturing sand effect on impact can not be ignored , proppant material Performance directly affects the fracture conductivity , and therefore is a key factor affecting the hydraulic fracking effect . Branch Performance degree and the greatest impact on the conductivity proppant compressive strength and size is a combination of support agent. Therefore , the proper selection and use of appropriate proppant leaf out key measures of value-added production . A

Kind of ideal proppant should have the following characteristics : high compressive strength , the pressure to adapt The purpose of cracking under the pressure of a closed layer wonder broken, the biggest support puzzled crack width , with Have a lower density , in order to ensure ease of delivery of the pump in the construction process , and in the cracks Press Expected requirements laid ; in hot brine good chemical inertness, not hydraulic fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid

Chemical reaction , to avoid contamination with the fracture proppant , uniform particle size distribution , circularity For Find a good read , with better purity and low impurity levels , in order to avoid air strikes proppant fractures

The lower conductivity ; sources wider, low cost. Usually applied pressure for proppant Effective fracture closure pressure , the proppant is thus preferably be used as an effective closing pressure proppant Under pressure.

Low-density proppant phenolic / epoxy composites modified

Using liquid phenolic resin impregnated , coated with epoxy resin and then prepared in a nut shell is a low-density proppants matrix composite materials, through INSTRON universal testing machine , TGA, SEM and other testing methods to test the performance of composite materials . Research shows that the concentration of proppant supplier resin was impregnated to 70% , the composite material under pressure 60MPa with a minimum amount of deformation ; particles coated with increasing amounts of the epoxy resin layer , the deformation of the composite decreased pressure at 60MPa when the resin is greater than 25% , the amount of deformation changes little ; TGA improved heat resistance , the composite material ; SEM found uncoated surface modified particles with more holes , the composite coating of the modified surface smooth , holes significantly reduced ; micrograph display uncoated modified particles 60MPa pressure serious rupture , but not broken composite phenomenon, and there is a clear resin particle surface layer ; absorbing capacity from 30.45% down to 6.58% , solvent resistance improved significantly.

The new fracturing fluid

The new fracturing fluid investment environment analysis, the need for Beijing and development of new fracturing fluid project overview , the new fracturing fluid project , the new natural gas fracturing fluid industry competition pattern analysis , new fracturing fluid industry financial indicators of reference , the new hydraulic fracking fluid industry market analysis and the scale of construction , the new fracturing fluid condition and location of the project construction program , the new fracturing fluid project uncertainty and risk analysis , new fracturing fluid industry development trend analysis

The performance requirements of petroleum proppant

A Maide low density proppant have sufficient compressive strength and resistance to abrasion, resistant to strong pressure and friction time of injection, and effectively support the artificial cracks.
2, the relative density of the hsp proppant particles must be low, to facilitate pumped downhole.
3, proppant particle diameter wells to meet different design requirements, typically 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, roundness and sphericity of greater than 0.9, and particle uniformity, smooth surface, the haze value should be less than 100 degrees in order to obtain the highest possible diversion capacity.
4, the proppant particles in a temperature of 200 degrees Celsius, the fracturing fluid and the reservoir fluid is not a chemical effect, the solubility of the acid should be less than the maximum allowable value of 7%.

The end to take off the sand fracturing technology

With the development of oil and gas drilling technology and a variety of the intersection of the integrated use of technology, fracturing technology application range is no longer confined to low permeable formation, middle and high permeable formation also began to use the technology to resin coated ceramic proppant development effect. When fracturing technique is applied to the high permeability formation, hope to form a short and wide fracture, and the crack control as much as possible in the range of oil and gas layer. Abroad in order to meet the special requirements, in the mid - 1980 - s end sand fracturing technology, is developed and applied to the scene quickly, the current domestic also conducted the research, and has made great progress.

Proppant fracturing a direct impact on the quality of petroleum oil revenue

Maide fracking process oil well construction costs need to spend hundreds of thousands , even hundreds of million , the proportion of the cost of oil proppant production line in which the share is not large, however , the quality of the proppant fracturing effect plays a crucial post important role in the direct impact of net income of the production wells . Proppant production lines have sufficient compressive strength and resistance to abrasion , resistant to strong pressure and friction time of injection , and effectively support the artificial cracks. Oil fracturing proppant particles relative density is lower , easy pumped underground.

Now Maide petroleum proppant production lines are becoming increasingly popular at home and abroad , mainly due to superior product performance . New Chemical Materials weaker dependence on oil and gas resources of traditional petrochemical materials, cyclical obvious. Development of organic fluorine , silicone materials have certain advantages in resources ; technical barriers, industry concentration is high. High value-added products , industry profitability than traditional chemical . Petroleum proppant production compared to other devices , has strict performance requirements.

Oil fracturing proppant particle diameter wells to meet different design requirements , typically 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, roundness and sphericity of greater than 0.9 , and uniform particle surface is smooth , the haze value should be less than 100 degrees in order to obtain the highest possible high conductivity . The oil fracturing proppant particles at a temperature condition of 200 ° C , with the fracturing fluid and the reservoir fluid is not a chemical effect , the solubility of the acid should be less than the maximum allowable value of 7% .

Oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand production line bearing in terms of its role is mainly used to support but that the literal interpretation is used to bearing shaft is only part of its role in supporting its essence is able to bear radial load can be understood as it is requirements for fixed shaft axis is fixed to the shaft so that it can only achieve rotation and control its axial and radial movement of the motor is not working because the consequence is simply not possible movement of the shaft and the motor work in any direction bearing only rotation .

Oil fracturing proppant application must meet the following performance requirements:

( 1 ) High  strength. Ensure high closing under pressure to get the most effective support can still crack . And different types of ceramic proppant composition , different intensity , the higher the intensity , the greater the pressure capacity .
( 2 ) particle size uniformity, sphericity . Proppant can improve the bearing capacity of uniform size and permeability of the proppant . The proppant particle diameter is generally used currently 0.45 ~ 0.9mm ( i.e. 40 / 20 mesh ) , sometimes with small diameter 0.9 ~ 1.25mm ( i.e., 20/16 mesh) .
( 3 ) less impurities . To prevent blockage of the pores and reduce support crack fracture conductivity . Fracturing sand impurities is the mixed carbonate sand , feldspar, iron oxides and clay minerals ; a marine acid solubility to measure the presence of carbonates in the fracturing sand , feldspar and iron oxide content ; measure turbidity levels present in the frac sand clay , silt or inorganic material particles.
( 4 ) a low bulk density is preferably less than the density of 2000kg/m3, to facilitate delivery of fracturing fluid and proppants effectively filling cracks.
( 5 ) High brine chemically inert , does not react with the fracturing fluid and the reservoir fluid , to avoid contamination propped fracture ;

Select oil fracturing proppant

Maide oil fracturing proppant selection mainly includes the type , size and concentration . Select oil fracturing proppant and the pressure of the rock formations , environmental conditions and yield requirements are closely linked.

Should first consider when selecting proppant Maide ceramic proppant suppliers nature and fracture flow capacity under certain geological, engineering conditions , combined with specific geological conditions ( such as closure pressure , rock hardness , temperature, target layer properties ) selected to meet the engineering conditions ( fracturing fluid nature of pumping equipment ) , and can get a good yield results proppant . Second, you must also consider the economic benefits due to proppant variety, quality and origin conditions differences, there are differences proppant costs must be considered cost-effective , combining economics to analyze the preferred fracturing proppant .

Luoyang maide ceramics Co.,Ltd

Factory Address: Ruyang County Industrial Zone Henan Province,china
Sales Department: 248 Kaiyuan Road,Luoyang City,Henan Province,471200 china
Website:www.maideceramics.com
E-mail:maide@maideceramics.com
Tel:+86 379-65151777
Fax:+86 379-65151555

Petroleum proppant (ceramic sand)

Grains of MaiDe Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants has a high temperature, high pressure, corrosion resistance, high strength, high conductivity, low density, low breakage rate and other characteristics, mainly for deep low-permeability reservoirs, currently the most widely used at home and abroad.
By species classification can be divided into: high sand proppant ---- no pressure consolidation strength, consolidation fast, good permeability, low density; fracturing proppant ---- Anti spit back a high pressure consolidation strength , crushing low permeability, low density; coated MaiDe lightweight proppant---- remarkable resilience and long-term use at temperatures below 232 ℃ formation; quartz sand proppant ---- acid low solubility for fracturing and acidizing support, a higher sphericity and conductivity.
Divided by the anti-crushing strength: 52Mpa (7500psi), 69Mpa (10000psi), 86Mpa (12500psi) three series.
Divided by the volume density: low density, medium density, high density.

What oil fracturing proppant specifications

A, Product Name: sintered bauxite proppant
B, Appearance: 0.45 to 0.90 mm in diameter , spherical
C, mineral composition : corundum , mullite , aluminum titanate , small amounts of other mineral phase and part of the glass phase.
D, the chemical composition : A12O3-30 ~ 70, SIO2 --- 40 ~ 60% , and small amounts of other oxides .
E, Uses : This product is a low permeability oil and gas exploration fracturing special materials , low-permeability oil and gas fields after using ceramic proppant fracturing its oil and gas production can generally be increased several times to several times , is the low permeability oil and gas fields at home and abroad increase the basic measures . The vast majority of medium depth oil and gas fields and low permeability majority, should choose medium density proppant fracturing operations. Therefore, the quality of the sintered density proppant full of great significance for promoting the exploitation of oil and gas output and resources.
G, Product Category:
A, is divided into three categories according to particle size , a category of 1.25 to 0.9 mm in diameter , with a Class A category and a diameter of 0.9 to 0.45 mm 0.45 to 0.225 mm of .
B, by volume, density and resistance to crushing capacity is divided into low-density , medium density , high density three types, namely its anti- closure pressure 52Mpa, 69Mpa, 86Mpa and 103Mpa. That 7500Psi, 10000Psi, 12500Psi and 15000Psi ( pounds / square inch ) .
H, product quality evaluation criteria : the oil and gas industry standards by the People's Republic SY/T5108---1977, hydraulic fracturing performance tests recommended method ....

Use of ceramic proppant

Cement dispersant liquid component also . Cement dispersing agent can formliquid droplets dispersed in a carrier fluid , a mixture of suitable dispersing agents and furfural diethyl phthalate . As the sand is not homogeneous , so the cement maide resin coated proppant will be more along the high permeability layer into the sand , the impact of sand effect. In order to make uniform injection of cement in the cement injection prior to the first injection period of dispersants. Since the dispersant can reduce the permeability of the high permeability layer , the permeability of the sand layer around the flare , so that the cement can be more uniformly dispersed into the sand . To improve the effectiveness of sand should be noted that the use of dispersants . Displacement fluid injection (by hole liquid ) , so that formation sand coated with resin material. Because of the sand from the cementation is glued to the cement at the point of contact of sand cement , sand in the gap caused by the excess cement after curing sand clogging of the reduced permeability of cement sand , so use the drive liquid cement for the extra fluid replacement to the depths of the maide ceramic proppants formation. Binders such as cement when polar , you can use kerosene, diesel doing additional hole fluid. Consolidation of the resin , to form a subterranean formation permeability , the resin can be achieved by heating and curing in contact with the catalyst . The catalyst can be injected into the formation together with the liquid cement ( catalyzed method) can be filled with the cement , and then into the catalyst ( catalytic outside ) . When using the catalytic method is worth noting: Only cementation fluid injected into the formation , the resin curing reaction can occur . The best way is outside the catalytic catalytic method. Epoxy resin , suitable catalysts include amines, acid anhydrides catalyst for phenolic resins, urea -formaldehyde resin , furfuryl alcohol resin , the inorganic acids, organic acids and the acid are relatively good external chemical catalyst.