31 years ago, George - Michelle (GeorgeMitchell) and his engineers Michel energy company, has been looking to extract natural gas from shale approach. Until 1998, 80-year-old Michelle in hydraulic fracturing technology has made a success for the U.S.
shale gas revolution laid the foundation.
Almost overnight, shale gas revolution sweeping the globe, the U.S. technology has been used around the world.
"But, both in the United States, or in the world, this is a controversial technology." Lifetime interview, Michelle was not confused. This technology is still a lot of questions left to the world:Unconventional gas it will consume a lot of water? It brings the U.S. "small earthquakes continue to"? Its cost is not too high? ......
Larger question that the U.S. shale gas revolution is in fact a hoax, a foreign expert in scientific journals issued a document that,fracturing proppant in the first year of operation, shale gas production declined by 60 percent to 90 percent.
Shale gas development is also considered face huge financial obstacles. "Drilling being destroyed at an alarming rate of capital, drilling company left a mountain of debt, while the decline has begun to wreak havoc in order to avoid disrupting descent rate income statement, the company had more drilling new wells, old wells yield decline. "" The New York Times "in 2011, a survey pointed out that the U.S. oil industry surface optimistic,Proppant but" in private but then shale gas skeptical. " "Shale gas bubble will collapse sooner or later." In this case, the U.S. export to China, "shale gas revolution" even considered to be the capital of the United States "conspiracy."
fracturing fluid
2013年9月8日星期日
2013年9月6日星期五
The most important thing is the Asian energy security issues
Asia is the world's largest and most dynamic energy market , it therefore has a global responsibility .
Asia 's rapid economic growth to promote its huge energy consumer demand. However, due to the release into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide emissions in the coming decades may be doubled ,Hydraulic fracturing Asia 's high dependence on fossil fuels is likely to cause significant adverse environmental damage.
It is estimated that due to urbanization and there are more sources of energy , Asia's share of total global energy consumption, the proportion may be increased to one-third from the current 50% to 2035 . The Asian Development Bank said that under the current energy structure situation in Asia ,Proppant Asia 's oil consumption may rise double natural gas consumption may be increased by two , while coal consumption could rise by 80%.
Asian challenge is on the one hand and the need to allow for sustainable energy policies to promote the continuous development of the economy , on the other hand are available so that people can be cheap energy .
Solve these politically sensitive energy issues can be difficult, but as long as policy makers to show creativity and determination , these problems are not insurmountable . This also requires governments in the region between the concerted action .
Asia's new energy policy direction has been very clear , mainly related to three aspects .
The first is to use clean energy to replace fossil fuels, especially oil and coal . Shale gas is an option. China has the world's largest reserves of shale gas potential . If it can be successfully resolved hydraulic fracturing involves water and pollution problems , it can reduce the heavy use of coal .
Despite the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident , nuclear power is still economically viable solution. As long as the non-proliferation , waste management and security progress , Asia is likely to expand use of nuclear energy .
Should also pay more attention to local development of new green energy technologies or transfer of those technologies developed problems . From advanced technology solutions , including urbanization economies electricity storage and smart grid , until in poor agriculture-based countries, the basic energy off-grid power systems . Use of clean energy costs by introducing or expanding greenhouse gas emissions tax or carbon emissions trading mechanism to resolve.
The second key issue is energy subsidies . In some countries, due to government regulations tariff is lower than generation costs ,frac sand does not properly reflect energy costs, thus distorting the price structure , resulting in rapid growth in electricity demand .
It will not play a role in encouraging the efficient use of energy , especially in the power-hungry industries. Subsidized and affordable energy will not encourage investment in the electricity industry , because it would bring the power companies a heavy financial burden , and even cause their loss . As for the people to provide gasoline and other basic fuel subsidies , more severe deficits in some countries .
Reduce subsidies to reduce energy demand while helping to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In general, Asian countries should adopt market-based pricing policies to encourage energy efficiency and reduction of oil and other fossil fuels imports. In some cases , if a fuel subsidy is specifically targeted at the poor , in order to prevent social unrest or encourage technological breakthroughs , you can retain this subsidy.
As the world's proven oil imports accounted for only 9% of oil reserves , so the problem of oil imports is particularly important for Asia . However, according to current trends, oil imports are expected in the next 20 years will be increased by two , so that Asia is more vulnerable to external supply crisis.
Finally, it should be like in Europe, efforts to promote pan-Asian energy market integration, including under uniform regulations, standards and pricing policies will be national grid.
This is certainly a daunting task. Asia is not similar to the European Union as a political framework . Moreover , the Asian region is vast , diverse geographic features , from the mountains to the sea has been so with relatively compact compared to Europe , Asia energy cooperation to harder .
But with Asia continue to strengthen the construction of regional economic groupings , such as ASEAN and China in Northeast Asia , Japan and South Korea to establish a free trade area between energy policy coordination is likely to be carried out .
We hope that will be held in October in Daegu, South Korea at the World Energy Congress will also provide the region's energy ministers,unconventional gas CEOs and energy companies to provide an opportunity and a platform for researchers , as can be about how to overcome the Asian challenge their energy to make the discussion valuable contribution .
Asia 's rapid economic growth to promote its huge energy consumer demand. However, due to the release into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide emissions in the coming decades may be doubled ,Hydraulic fracturing Asia 's high dependence on fossil fuels is likely to cause significant adverse environmental damage.
It is estimated that due to urbanization and there are more sources of energy , Asia's share of total global energy consumption, the proportion may be increased to one-third from the current 50% to 2035 . The Asian Development Bank said that under the current energy structure situation in Asia ,Proppant Asia 's oil consumption may rise double natural gas consumption may be increased by two , while coal consumption could rise by 80%.
Asian challenge is on the one hand and the need to allow for sustainable energy policies to promote the continuous development of the economy , on the other hand are available so that people can be cheap energy .
Solve these politically sensitive energy issues can be difficult, but as long as policy makers to show creativity and determination , these problems are not insurmountable . This also requires governments in the region between the concerted action .
Asia's new energy policy direction has been very clear , mainly related to three aspects .
The first is to use clean energy to replace fossil fuels, especially oil and coal . Shale gas is an option. China has the world's largest reserves of shale gas potential . If it can be successfully resolved hydraulic fracturing involves water and pollution problems , it can reduce the heavy use of coal .
Despite the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident , nuclear power is still economically viable solution. As long as the non-proliferation , waste management and security progress , Asia is likely to expand use of nuclear energy .
Should also pay more attention to local development of new green energy technologies or transfer of those technologies developed problems . From advanced technology solutions , including urbanization economies electricity storage and smart grid , until in poor agriculture-based countries, the basic energy off-grid power systems . Use of clean energy costs by introducing or expanding greenhouse gas emissions tax or carbon emissions trading mechanism to resolve.
The second key issue is energy subsidies . In some countries, due to government regulations tariff is lower than generation costs ,frac sand does not properly reflect energy costs, thus distorting the price structure , resulting in rapid growth in electricity demand .
It will not play a role in encouraging the efficient use of energy , especially in the power-hungry industries. Subsidized and affordable energy will not encourage investment in the electricity industry , because it would bring the power companies a heavy financial burden , and even cause their loss . As for the people to provide gasoline and other basic fuel subsidies , more severe deficits in some countries .
Reduce subsidies to reduce energy demand while helping to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In general, Asian countries should adopt market-based pricing policies to encourage energy efficiency and reduction of oil and other fossil fuels imports. In some cases , if a fuel subsidy is specifically targeted at the poor , in order to prevent social unrest or encourage technological breakthroughs , you can retain this subsidy.
As the world's proven oil imports accounted for only 9% of oil reserves , so the problem of oil imports is particularly important for Asia . However, according to current trends, oil imports are expected in the next 20 years will be increased by two , so that Asia is more vulnerable to external supply crisis.
Finally, it should be like in Europe, efforts to promote pan-Asian energy market integration, including under uniform regulations, standards and pricing policies will be national grid.
This is certainly a daunting task. Asia is not similar to the European Union as a political framework . Moreover , the Asian region is vast , diverse geographic features , from the mountains to the sea has been so with relatively compact compared to Europe , Asia energy cooperation to harder .
But with Asia continue to strengthen the construction of regional economic groupings , such as ASEAN and China in Northeast Asia , Japan and South Korea to establish a free trade area between energy policy coordination is likely to be carried out .
We hope that will be held in October in Daegu, South Korea at the World Energy Congress will also provide the region's energy ministers,unconventional gas CEOs and energy companies to provide an opportunity and a platform for researchers , as can be about how to overcome the Asian challenge their energy to make the discussion valuable contribution .
2013年8月30日星期五
U.S. shale gas costs are underestimated
"Shale gas revolution" - not previously mined from shale reservoirs shale gas and shale oil - has been as an energy game changer.Unconventional gas It is traditional offset the decline in oil and gas production, including shale gas is treated as a low-carbon future transitional fuel, shale oil (also called tight oil) are considered to be able to make the United States to become the world's largest oil producing countries, and reduce oil imports.
These heady proposition has largely been including the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), including government agencies to accept. BP predicts that by 2030, shale gas production will reach three times in 2011, tight oil production in 2011 will be based on an increase of 6 times.
These claims can not withstand careful scrutiny. By the California Santa Rosa in a "post-carbon institute" report "non-conventional fuels can open a new era of energy abundance do? ", The analysis of the United States, 30 and 21 dense shale gas fields, revealing the shale revolution will be difficult to maintain the reality. The study is based on widely adopted industry and government in the database 65000 Shale wells data.ceramic ball It shows shale and shale oil wells / gas production capacity has emerged as a steep downward trend. Many shale gas production costs have exceeded the current natural gas prices, the need to further increase the drilling and capital investment to maintain production.
While shale gas and tight oil extraction over a longer period of time to maintain a certain level above, but will likely yield more than the industrial sector and the government's optimistic forecast to be low. Unless prices rise significantly, or shale gas supply will decline sharply in the next decade. Around shale gas and tight oil,frac sand companies a more realistic discussion imminent - it needs to be sustainable, cost, and environmental impacts in further analysis.
These heady proposition has largely been including the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), including government agencies to accept. BP predicts that by 2030, shale gas production will reach three times in 2011, tight oil production in 2011 will be based on an increase of 6 times.
These claims can not withstand careful scrutiny. By the California Santa Rosa in a "post-carbon institute" report "non-conventional fuels can open a new era of energy abundance do? ", The analysis of the United States, 30 and 21 dense shale gas fields, revealing the shale revolution will be difficult to maintain the reality. The study is based on widely adopted industry and government in the database 65000 Shale wells data.ceramic ball It shows shale and shale oil wells / gas production capacity has emerged as a steep downward trend. Many shale gas production costs have exceeded the current natural gas prices, the need to further increase the drilling and capital investment to maintain production.
While shale gas and tight oil extraction over a longer period of time to maintain a certain level above, but will likely yield more than the industrial sector and the government's optimistic forecast to be low. Unless prices rise significantly, or shale gas supply will decline sharply in the next decade. Around shale gas and tight oil,frac sand companies a more realistic discussion imminent - it needs to be sustainable, cost, and environmental impacts in further analysis.
2013年8月29日星期四
"Super America" behind the structural changes in the international energy
With China's sustained economic development, China's dependence on imported oil for the increasingly high. From December 2012, China's average daily oil imports reached 612 million barrels, while the U.S. average daily volume of imports was only 598 million barrels a level, which is China's first monthly oil imports than the United States. However,frac sand China's oil imports "super beauty" structural changes in the international energy behind it are the background of this layer. In fact, as the U.S. shale gas development on traditional energy substitution effect gradually, U.S. dependence on imported oil will be reduced accordingly.
Although the United States in early 2013, oil imports have overtake China, at this stage can not say China will soon overtake the United States to become the world's biggest oil-importing countries, but the long-term perspective, China's imports of oil trade with the "super-beauty" possibilities. In 2012, the United States purchased from abroad, the total value of crude oil and oil products has dropped to a minimum of 20 years for the average daily volume of imports of 714 million barrels per day. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration forecasts, in 2014 the United States, including crude oil and petroleum products, including average daily net imports will be reduced to 600 million barrels, the lowest level since 1987, Proppant less than half the highest level in history. The same period, China's net imports of crude oil will average 572 million barrels per day, the United States is likely to form a "rear-end." By 2020, China's oil shortfall of 250 to 430 million tons. Since China does not have the massive expansion of oil production capacity to 2020, China's oil imports are likely to cross 300 million tons. If you follow this trend continues, China's oil import real "trend" rather than "temporary" to replace the United States should be a high probability event.
U.S. imports of oil trade position change behind shale gas revolution, and shale gas revolution for the world's energy structure is profound.
On the one hand, shale gas revolution to the world's energy is reflected in the structure of the internal natural gas resources on species composition. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration statistics, in 2007, shale gas in the U.S. natural gas production in the proportion was only 8.1%, and by 2011, this proportion rose to 29.8%.
On the other hand, shale gas revolution, the impact on the world energy mix is reflected in the change in the overall structure. From the International Monetary Fund released statistics difficult to see that in 2008, the U.S. market price per 1,000 cubic meters of natural gas per barrel of West Texas crude oil over the same period the parity of 3.202, while in 2012 it dropped to 1.097. Parity between different energy sources will produce changes in the allocation of resources to follow up the effect, help to improve the efficient and clean energy in the world energy mix proportion.
Shale gas revolution, in addition to improving the energy structure of the world play a catalytic role,fracturing proppant it will inevitably bring "friendly fire" effect. From the development of biofuels in terms of shale gas revolution will increase in large uncertainties in the development of bio-energy, alternative to traditional energy sources are not excluded from the process, the shale gas for bio-energy, it has a certain cost. " intercept "advantage, resulting in non-renewable energy renewable energy reverse exclusion.
In addition to oil and gas resources, in recent years, China's coal import dependence is also rising. Whether increased imports of oil or coal, are inseparable from China directly stimulating economic growth, but also inseparable from the U.S. shale gas revolution brought indirectly with the external environment.Unconventional gas Shale gas revolution, which reduces American dependence on foreign oil, the objective is to promote U.S. oil imports will eventually be the "first" position "so that" to China.
Although the United States in early 2013, oil imports have overtake China, at this stage can not say China will soon overtake the United States to become the world's biggest oil-importing countries, but the long-term perspective, China's imports of oil trade with the "super-beauty" possibilities. In 2012, the United States purchased from abroad, the total value of crude oil and oil products has dropped to a minimum of 20 years for the average daily volume of imports of 714 million barrels per day. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration forecasts, in 2014 the United States, including crude oil and petroleum products, including average daily net imports will be reduced to 600 million barrels, the lowest level since 1987, Proppant less than half the highest level in history. The same period, China's net imports of crude oil will average 572 million barrels per day, the United States is likely to form a "rear-end." By 2020, China's oil shortfall of 250 to 430 million tons. Since China does not have the massive expansion of oil production capacity to 2020, China's oil imports are likely to cross 300 million tons. If you follow this trend continues, China's oil import real "trend" rather than "temporary" to replace the United States should be a high probability event.
U.S. imports of oil trade position change behind shale gas revolution, and shale gas revolution for the world's energy structure is profound.
On the one hand, shale gas revolution to the world's energy is reflected in the structure of the internal natural gas resources on species composition. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration statistics, in 2007, shale gas in the U.S. natural gas production in the proportion was only 8.1%, and by 2011, this proportion rose to 29.8%.
On the other hand, shale gas revolution, the impact on the world energy mix is reflected in the change in the overall structure. From the International Monetary Fund released statistics difficult to see that in 2008, the U.S. market price per 1,000 cubic meters of natural gas per barrel of West Texas crude oil over the same period the parity of 3.202, while in 2012 it dropped to 1.097. Parity between different energy sources will produce changes in the allocation of resources to follow up the effect, help to improve the efficient and clean energy in the world energy mix proportion.
Shale gas revolution, in addition to improving the energy structure of the world play a catalytic role,fracturing proppant it will inevitably bring "friendly fire" effect. From the development of biofuels in terms of shale gas revolution will increase in large uncertainties in the development of bio-energy, alternative to traditional energy sources are not excluded from the process, the shale gas for bio-energy, it has a certain cost. " intercept "advantage, resulting in non-renewable energy renewable energy reverse exclusion.
In addition to oil and gas resources, in recent years, China's coal import dependence is also rising. Whether increased imports of oil or coal, are inseparable from China directly stimulating economic growth, but also inseparable from the U.S. shale gas revolution brought indirectly with the external environment.Unconventional gas Shale gas revolution, which reduces American dependence on foreign oil, the objective is to promote U.S. oil imports will eventually be the "first" position "so that" to China.
Oil central enterprises enjoy energy security bonus
With the development of world economy and global trade , China's economic security interests would be to expand globally , but it is not a one-way , but intertwined . With the development of technology and new energy industries , energy security ,Unconventional gas oil- changing center of gravity of the situation along with national energy security strategy should adjust , adapt technology and new energy industries decide the future of energy security concept. Current foreign oil dependence has significant energy security benefits, but it is imperative to establish fruitful refined oil market supervision system , to change the government 's functional role , dilute the oil central rate of the industry management functions , enhanced oil central rate of the market role, so that all kinds of ownership of market players equal competition in the oil industry , I believe that it is for the oil industry, the largest gain market-oriented reforms , the minimum cost of strategic opportunities.
Changes in world development trend of the mighty , there can enjoy the endless energy security dividends , oil central enterprises should know that micro-known Akira , rainy day. For example ,frac proppant according to current oil price level , electric vehicles can price , only one-third of the price of gasoline and cleaner energy conversion technology with the development of the existing oil pricing mechanism Paul won, but consumers can not be protected . The author has interviewed Shantou Natsuno General Electric Co., Ltd. Chen Zi Ping , He has a "behavioral energy" concept, and developed for use in remote appliance company to replace the remote company used cooking oil furnace . Technological advances such as this , all the time in the development of the market is changing all the time so now advantage of high oil prices , will one day be transformed into trouble disadvantage. Lenovo recently crazy pass " gas will rise sharply rumors ," NDRC price department "message is completely untrue ," voice hardly ever , Changchun and Handan on raised gas prices . From this perspective, not only oil central enterprises , many local governments are trying to push up gas prices , price increases are keen to grab energy bonus , which is a monopoly of thinking for worship . Why do U.S. gas prices cheaper ? A very important reason is that technological progress , thanks to hydraulic fracturing method of large area applications , the United States has been a large area of shale gas development . Even more interesting is the development of shale gas is not a traditional energy giants , but as Michelle Energy Development Corporation such a small company . Therefore, with a view of traditional energy giant has lost the ability to produce cheap energy , but the author is more inclined to believe that Premier Li Keqiang spoke of " reform dividend" , oil and gas industry is now timely reform , as well as bonus released if missed opportunity,hydraulic fracturing dividends on will become negative price. Implementation of the party 's 18 report China's " economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization," " five one" overall layout , to implement the "State Council institutional reform and functional transformation program " in the oil and gas industries not only need to understand the concept is not confined to the existing pattern of interests , reformers need more courage and solid action .
Changes in world development trend of the mighty , there can enjoy the endless energy security dividends , oil central enterprises should know that micro-known Akira , rainy day. For example ,frac proppant according to current oil price level , electric vehicles can price , only one-third of the price of gasoline and cleaner energy conversion technology with the development of the existing oil pricing mechanism Paul won, but consumers can not be protected . The author has interviewed Shantou Natsuno General Electric Co., Ltd. Chen Zi Ping , He has a "behavioral energy" concept, and developed for use in remote appliance company to replace the remote company used cooking oil furnace . Technological advances such as this , all the time in the development of the market is changing all the time so now advantage of high oil prices , will one day be transformed into trouble disadvantage. Lenovo recently crazy pass " gas will rise sharply rumors ," NDRC price department "message is completely untrue ," voice hardly ever , Changchun and Handan on raised gas prices . From this perspective, not only oil central enterprises , many local governments are trying to push up gas prices , price increases are keen to grab energy bonus , which is a monopoly of thinking for worship . Why do U.S. gas prices cheaper ? A very important reason is that technological progress , thanks to hydraulic fracturing method of large area applications , the United States has been a large area of shale gas development . Even more interesting is the development of shale gas is not a traditional energy giants , but as Michelle Energy Development Corporation such a small company . Therefore, with a view of traditional energy giant has lost the ability to produce cheap energy , but the author is more inclined to believe that Premier Li Keqiang spoke of " reform dividend" , oil and gas industry is now timely reform , as well as bonus released if missed opportunity,hydraulic fracturing dividends on will become negative price. Implementation of the party 's 18 report China's " economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization," " five one" overall layout , to implement the "State Council institutional reform and functional transformation program " in the oil and gas industries not only need to understand the concept is not confined to the existing pattern of interests , reformers need more courage and solid action .
2013年8月28日星期三
High oil prices push shale oil production
Cure expensive "medicine" is expensive in itself.unconventional gas Commodity markets this highly respected folk wisdom in the past decade has been the test of the U.S. oil industry, and only to a certain extent been proved.
High oil prices for the U.S. oil industry's strong revival provided the opportunity. Today, the U.S. oil industry is growing at five years ago could not imagine a way to recover. shale gasThe surge in oil production and help lower global oil prices. Since the summer since 2011, crude oil prices have been in decline.
Prospects for oil prices depends on many factors, including the health of the global economy and OPEC (Opec, referred to as: OPEC) response initiatives.
However, if only from the American point of view, there are indications that, although oil prices are unlikely to return in 2009 of $ 33 per barrel in recent trough (back to 1999 low of less than $ 10 per barrel even more impossible ),Ceramic proppant but it is still about $ 95 per barrel from the current (benchmark West Texas Intermediate crude oil price) levels fall further.
High oil prices for the U.S. oil industry's strong revival provided the opportunity. Today, the U.S. oil industry is growing at five years ago could not imagine a way to recover. shale gasThe surge in oil production and help lower global oil prices. Since the summer since 2011, crude oil prices have been in decline.
Prospects for oil prices depends on many factors, including the health of the global economy and OPEC (Opec, referred to as: OPEC) response initiatives.
However, if only from the American point of view, there are indications that, although oil prices are unlikely to return in 2009 of $ 33 per barrel in recent trough (back to 1999 low of less than $ 10 per barrel even more impossible ),Ceramic proppant but it is still about $ 95 per barrel from the current (benchmark West Texas Intermediate crude oil price) levels fall further.
2013年8月27日星期二
China both opportunities and challenges
With the U.S. dependence on Middle East oil significantly reduced , China from Saudi Arabia, Iraq , Qatar and other countries imported increasing oil and gas resources , accounting for the share of exports in these countries is also rising .
Although the short-term Chinese oil demand enough to reach the U.S. level, but growing rapidly. Traditional oil-producing countries in the Middle East , while U.S. imports decreased access to new export markets , exports to the inevitable , these changes also shows the pattern of the world oil market is undergoing subtle changes .
On the other hand , the U.S. oil exports and the adjustment of energy strategy for China and the United States , Canada and other countries to create the conditions for energy cooperation . United States in the field of energy, especially in the unconventional gas and new energy fields to further expand mutually beneficial cooperation in space . U.S. crude oil exports to China is a good start , the future U.S. crude oil , liquefied natural gas exports to China will continue to increase bilateral cooperation in unconventional oil and gas energy development and technological exchanges and cooperation will become increasingly frequent.
With the U.S. offshore oil and gas and the rapid development of unconventional oil and gas , as well as the strengthening of the role of new energy alternatives , future U.S. oil and gas imports will continue to decline in Canada 's oil and gas exports to the U.S. will fall . Excessive dependence on energy exports in order to solve the situation of the United States , Canada is also seeking to diversify export channels , turning to Asia . China and Canada and other North American countries , the energy partnership will increasingly strengthened.
However, the U.S. crude oil exports only U.S. energy strategy to adjust the performance and one of the results , the background is the United States in recent years, especially since the global financial crisis in the political , economic, military , diplomatic and other areas strategic adjustment . As a rising power, China in the changing situation in the global energy challenges and pressures greater .
First, domestic oil production potential is limited , increasing external dependence . Chinese oil resources per capita is only 5.4% of the world average since 2010, oil production barely maintained at a level of around 200 million tons . In the absence of significant technological breakthrough or a major discovery in the case , Ceramic proppant the local yield potential is very limited. At the same time , rapid growth in oil demand , security for the increasing pressure . In 2012, China 's dependence on foreign oil by 58% over energy security , especially oil security has become an important issue must be addressed .
Second, the situation in the Middle East and oil transport channel security impact on China increased. 80 percent of China's oil imports from the Middle East and Africa , through the Strait of Malacca, through which 38% of the Strait of Hormuz , "national oil fortunes " for less than 40%. U.S. dependence on Middle East oil reduced role in the Middle East have also changed . China 's dependence on Middle East oil rising geopolitical risks , transport security has become China had to directly face the issue. China has not as powerful as the United States military and diplomatic strength to control the Middle East situation. Once the major changes , the oil will have a significant impact on safety .
Third, China 's peripheral situation will be more complicated. Reduce the U.S. dependence on oil imports gained greater strategic development. The Obama administration took office, began to focus on the fight against terrorism original strategic focus to Asia , Hydraulic fracturingto consolidate its leading position in the region . U.S. high-profile "return to Asia " in Northeast Asia , the East China Sea , South China Sea and other regions of the situation even more complicated , the original dispute and conflicts under certain conditions may be intensified, affecting the process of China's peaceful rise .
Although the short-term Chinese oil demand enough to reach the U.S. level, but growing rapidly. Traditional oil-producing countries in the Middle East , while U.S. imports decreased access to new export markets , exports to the inevitable , these changes also shows the pattern of the world oil market is undergoing subtle changes .
On the other hand , the U.S. oil exports and the adjustment of energy strategy for China and the United States , Canada and other countries to create the conditions for energy cooperation . United States in the field of energy, especially in the unconventional gas and new energy fields to further expand mutually beneficial cooperation in space . U.S. crude oil exports to China is a good start , the future U.S. crude oil , liquefied natural gas exports to China will continue to increase bilateral cooperation in unconventional oil and gas energy development and technological exchanges and cooperation will become increasingly frequent.
With the U.S. offshore oil and gas and the rapid development of unconventional oil and gas , as well as the strengthening of the role of new energy alternatives , future U.S. oil and gas imports will continue to decline in Canada 's oil and gas exports to the U.S. will fall . Excessive dependence on energy exports in order to solve the situation of the United States , Canada is also seeking to diversify export channels , turning to Asia . China and Canada and other North American countries , the energy partnership will increasingly strengthened.
However, the U.S. crude oil exports only U.S. energy strategy to adjust the performance and one of the results , the background is the United States in recent years, especially since the global financial crisis in the political , economic, military , diplomatic and other areas strategic adjustment . As a rising power, China in the changing situation in the global energy challenges and pressures greater .
First, domestic oil production potential is limited , increasing external dependence . Chinese oil resources per capita is only 5.4% of the world average since 2010, oil production barely maintained at a level of around 200 million tons . In the absence of significant technological breakthrough or a major discovery in the case , Ceramic proppant the local yield potential is very limited. At the same time , rapid growth in oil demand , security for the increasing pressure . In 2012, China 's dependence on foreign oil by 58% over energy security , especially oil security has become an important issue must be addressed .
Second, the situation in the Middle East and oil transport channel security impact on China increased. 80 percent of China's oil imports from the Middle East and Africa , through the Strait of Malacca, through which 38% of the Strait of Hormuz , "national oil fortunes " for less than 40%. U.S. dependence on Middle East oil reduced role in the Middle East have also changed . China 's dependence on Middle East oil rising geopolitical risks , transport security has become China had to directly face the issue. China has not as powerful as the United States military and diplomatic strength to control the Middle East situation. Once the major changes , the oil will have a significant impact on safety .
Third, China 's peripheral situation will be more complicated. Reduce the U.S. dependence on oil imports gained greater strategic development. The Obama administration took office, began to focus on the fight against terrorism original strategic focus to Asia , Hydraulic fracturingto consolidate its leading position in the region . U.S. high-profile "return to Asia " in Northeast Asia , the East China Sea , South China Sea and other regions of the situation even more complicated , the original dispute and conflicts under certain conditions may be intensified, affecting the process of China's peaceful rise .
Limited impact on short-term and long-term impact of a huge
Short term, the U.S. oil exports more symbolic than practical significance, direct impact is limited. Over the past 10 years, U.S. exports to Canada only a small amount of crude oil ,ceramic ball the annual export volume of 800 million tons ( 2011 data ) . Although domestic oil production capacity improved, but the oil is completely independent from great distance , from a net oil output is out of reach.
One area in North America to achieve energy independence as possible. International Energy Agency (IEA) predicted that output growth in accordance with the current trends, by 2017 , the United States may be more than Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil producer . 2012 , IEA in the " World Energy Outlook" that America's future oil and gas production increases, the global energy landscape will undergo radical changes. In the global energy map of the significant changes in the North American leader. The next 10 years, the U.S. energy self-sufficiency rate will keep rising , it is possible to achieve energy independence within North America ,Unconventional gas that is outside of North America 's energy dependence is reduced to below 5% level.
The second is to speed up the flow of global oil change . With the resource situation changes , technological progress and economic development , global oil and gas production and consumption are adjusting territory among the U.S., EU and Asia 's oil imports three major economic zones gradually clear the main channel . U.S. oil imports have formed the core of the North American , South America, Africa and the Middle East as a complementary pattern. Sides of the Atlantic ( the Americas and West Africa ) became the absolute main foreign oil supplies , the U.S. nearly 70 percent of its oil imports come from the Atlantic .
China , Japan and India, the Asia-Pacific region's oil consuming countries are highly dependent on Middle East oil supplies. Some agencies are expected , the future of China , India and other emerging markets will drive global energy demand continues to be important engine of growth , dependence on Middle East oil will be further deepened.
Third is part of the income of oil-exporting countries affected. U.S. shale oil production rise and increase self-sufficiency , the greatest impact of some of the oil-producing countries in Africa . Since 2010, Africa's crude oil exports to the United States significantly reduced , the U.S. market was originally from Nigeria, Algeria , Angola and other countries of crude shale gas oil was quickly replaced . In 2012, the United States is no longer Angola 's largest oil buyers, imports accounted for only 11% of its total exports , behind China and India.
Fourth, the oil market competition may be more intense. U.S. oil self-sufficiency and export of crude oil increased to improve the international oil market supply, the maintenance of the global energy supply and demand balance and price stability is of great significance . Including the United States OECD ( OECD ) countries, slowing growth in oil consumption occurs or downward trend in global oil supply and demand tight pattern will be mitigated to some extent . However, these countries long-established pattern of high energy consumption in the short term is difficult to change . The oil-consuming countries in the process of reshaping the balance of the oil market , are trying to build and strengthen their own can be driven , secure, stable oil supply system. Under the action of various forces , between developed countries , developing countries , between developed and developing countries around the oil resources of the competition between the long-term will continue to exist, and may under certain conditions tends to be intensified.
One area in North America to achieve energy independence as possible. International Energy Agency (IEA) predicted that output growth in accordance with the current trends, by 2017 , the United States may be more than Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil producer . 2012 , IEA in the " World Energy Outlook" that America's future oil and gas production increases, the global energy landscape will undergo radical changes. In the global energy map of the significant changes in the North American leader. The next 10 years, the U.S. energy self-sufficiency rate will keep rising , it is possible to achieve energy independence within North America ,Unconventional gas that is outside of North America 's energy dependence is reduced to below 5% level.
The second is to speed up the flow of global oil change . With the resource situation changes , technological progress and economic development , global oil and gas production and consumption are adjusting territory among the U.S., EU and Asia 's oil imports three major economic zones gradually clear the main channel . U.S. oil imports have formed the core of the North American , South America, Africa and the Middle East as a complementary pattern. Sides of the Atlantic ( the Americas and West Africa ) became the absolute main foreign oil supplies , the U.S. nearly 70 percent of its oil imports come from the Atlantic .
China , Japan and India, the Asia-Pacific region's oil consuming countries are highly dependent on Middle East oil supplies. Some agencies are expected , the future of China , India and other emerging markets will drive global energy demand continues to be important engine of growth , dependence on Middle East oil will be further deepened.
Third is part of the income of oil-exporting countries affected. U.S. shale oil production rise and increase self-sufficiency , the greatest impact of some of the oil-producing countries in Africa . Since 2010, Africa's crude oil exports to the United States significantly reduced , the U.S. market was originally from Nigeria, Algeria , Angola and other countries of crude shale gas oil was quickly replaced . In 2012, the United States is no longer Angola 's largest oil buyers, imports accounted for only 11% of its total exports , behind China and India.
Fourth, the oil market competition may be more intense. U.S. oil self-sufficiency and export of crude oil increased to improve the international oil market supply, the maintenance of the global energy supply and demand balance and price stability is of great significance . Including the United States OECD ( OECD ) countries, slowing growth in oil consumption occurs or downward trend in global oil supply and demand tight pattern will be mitigated to some extent . However, these countries long-established pattern of high energy consumption in the short term is difficult to change . The oil-consuming countries in the process of reshaping the balance of the oil market , are trying to build and strengthen their own can be driven , secure, stable oil supply system. Under the action of various forces , between developed countries , developing countries , between developed and developing countries around the oil resources of the competition between the long-term will continue to exist, and may under certain conditions tends to be intensified.
U.S. imports of LNG competing with India
Although the U.S. government was cautious because of LNG exports slow progress, but that does not hinder the buyer's enthusiasm. U.S. natural gas continued to face high yield and good export prospects,unconventional gas many countries have the same contention LNG import contract signed by the United States, despite the large-scale exports to the United States exactly when LNG is still unknown.
Japan is one of the most active countries. Back in March of this year, Japan has the resources and support of its new strategy, said since 2016, and strive to expand imports from the U.S. LNG. Recently, Japan's three companies Mitsui, Mitsubishi and Nippon Yusen announced that it will build LNG production bases in the United States, Japan, aims to stabilize supply LNG.
It is reported that three companies and to participate in its Sempr Cameron LNG export project reached an agreement,fracturing proppant the three companies this will be a total investment 100 billion yen. The project is expected to provide 8 million tons per year for the Japanese LNG, accounting for about 10% of domestic demand in Japan. Mitsui and Mitsubishi said it plans to purchase LNG from Cameron sold to Tokyo Electric and other Japanese and Asian power and gas companies.
India has just passed the approval of the project showed great interest in Freeport. India has not signed a free trade agreement with the United States, while the Freeport project is for India to see through to import more U.S. LNG hope.
India's largest LNG importer Petronet LNG Corp.Proppant said a few days ago and the company is headquartered in Houston, United States United LNG has signed a conditional preliminary agreement under which the company in 20 years, United LNG annually from U.S. companies import about 4 million tons LNG.
Indian Ambassador Nirupama Rao said that the United States and India's future LNG trade cooperation will be further strengthened. He stressed that the U.S. LNG exports to India will be a win-win cooperation. "India is a large gap in demand for natural gas, with an estimated 2.2 trillion cubic feet per year by 2016 this gap may reach 4 trillion cubic feet in 2030 reached 800 million cubic feet, while for India, the United States regardless of LNG quantity and price terms are attractive. "
Japan is one of the most active countries. Back in March of this year, Japan has the resources and support of its new strategy, said since 2016, and strive to expand imports from the U.S. LNG. Recently, Japan's three companies Mitsui, Mitsubishi and Nippon Yusen announced that it will build LNG production bases in the United States, Japan, aims to stabilize supply LNG.
It is reported that three companies and to participate in its Sempr Cameron LNG export project reached an agreement,fracturing proppant the three companies this will be a total investment 100 billion yen. The project is expected to provide 8 million tons per year for the Japanese LNG, accounting for about 10% of domestic demand in Japan. Mitsui and Mitsubishi said it plans to purchase LNG from Cameron sold to Tokyo Electric and other Japanese and Asian power and gas companies.
India has just passed the approval of the project showed great interest in Freeport. India has not signed a free trade agreement with the United States, while the Freeport project is for India to see through to import more U.S. LNG hope.
India's largest LNG importer Petronet LNG Corp.Proppant said a few days ago and the company is headquartered in Houston, United States United LNG has signed a conditional preliminary agreement under which the company in 20 years, United LNG annually from U.S. companies import about 4 million tons LNG.
Indian Ambassador Nirupama Rao said that the United States and India's future LNG trade cooperation will be further strengthened. He stressed that the U.S. LNG exports to India will be a win-win cooperation. "India is a large gap in demand for natural gas, with an estimated 2.2 trillion cubic feet per year by 2016 this gap may reach 4 trillion cubic feet in 2030 reached 800 million cubic feet, while for India, the United States regardless of LNG quantity and price terms are attractive. "
U.S. natural gas production to new highs
DOE said the Freeport project will bring substantial economic benefits, but this is a new high of U.S. natural gas production brought shock effect of the "true portrayal."
In recent years, the U.S. oil and gas production increase is an indisputable fact. 16, 2011,Unconventional gas the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued a monthly report, in 2012 the U.S. natural gas production increased by 5% over last year, reaching a new historical point; daily demand for natural gas reached 70 billion cubic feet, but also the highest level since records began. Meanwhile, last year's U.S. natural gas prices fell nearly 10 years to the lowest point, the average spot price of natural gas per million British thermal units $ 2.74, compared with 2011 decreased by 31%.
The face of increasing production, the majority of the natural gas producers hope the U.S. government to release LNG exports. But there are also companies that the government should restrict exports,ceramic ball Dow Chemical (DOW) is one of them. The company believes that LNG exports will cause a large number of domestic natural gas prices. But DOW Freeport project approved by the Government for the welcome. DOW Vice President George Biletezi said the United States should export LNG, but we must grasp the scale, do not affect the domestic market. "The DOE's move commendable, both the Government to promote the release of LNG export intentions, but also to maintain the usual strict."
Environmental groups for DOE approval of new LNG export project protest. Sierra Club environmental group said more LNG export project through the approval will accelerate the pace of development of U.S. natural gas. "Anti-gas movement" promoter Deborah · Nathan said: "This means more use of hydraulic fracturing, more air and water pollution,frac sand as well as bring more environmental problems."
In recent years, the U.S. oil and gas production increase is an indisputable fact. 16, 2011,Unconventional gas the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued a monthly report, in 2012 the U.S. natural gas production increased by 5% over last year, reaching a new historical point; daily demand for natural gas reached 70 billion cubic feet, but also the highest level since records began. Meanwhile, last year's U.S. natural gas prices fell nearly 10 years to the lowest point, the average spot price of natural gas per million British thermal units $ 2.74, compared with 2011 decreased by 31%.
The face of increasing production, the majority of the natural gas producers hope the U.S. government to release LNG exports. But there are also companies that the government should restrict exports,ceramic ball Dow Chemical (DOW) is one of them. The company believes that LNG exports will cause a large number of domestic natural gas prices. But DOW Freeport project approved by the Government for the welcome. DOW Vice President George Biletezi said the United States should export LNG, but we must grasp the scale, do not affect the domestic market. "The DOE's move commendable, both the Government to promote the release of LNG export intentions, but also to maintain the usual strict."
Environmental groups for DOE approval of new LNG export project protest. Sierra Club environmental group said more LNG export project through the approval will accelerate the pace of development of U.S. natural gas. "Anti-gas movement" promoter Deborah · Nathan said: "This means more use of hydraulic fracturing, more air and water pollution,frac sand as well as bring more environmental problems."
Two years later, the United States re-approved LNG export project divergent meanings behind
17, 2011, DOE conditionally approved Texas "free port" LNG export project, did not intend to sign a free trade agreement with the United States national export LNG, allow the export of 1.4 billion cubic feet per day, for 20 years. This is since May 2011 to the U.S. government approved a similar project again.
There is no doubt that the U.S. is still continuing its " shale gas myth", even IEA in its mid-market report released said the significant increase in oil and gas production in North America to the impact of the global supply chain, will become the next five years The transformative power of the market. Almost everyone is optimistic about the U.S. LNG export prospects, but the Government has been very cautious.
Capital One Financial Corporation analyst Randy Barratier that, although it is approved by the U.S. government after two years LNG export project again, but this will come to the U.S. LNG export policy to relax a bit too hasty conclusions. "A project approval and can not explain too many problems,Unconventional gas besides the size and complexity of the project and other factors will affect the processing speed."
Moody's Investors Service (Moody's Investors Service Inc.), Vice president of m Branch · Mana Bi He also said: "We do not believe that DOE will pursue this release LNG project approval." But she believes that Dominion Resources, Inc., Sempra Energy's LNG export project received the approval of the larger hope.
Currently, there are more than 20 LNG export project is awaiting approval of the DOE, however, about whether the United States should LNG exports, the export volume should discuss issues such as how to control it never stops. Natural Gas LNG export enterprises generally supportive, but industry insiders questioned the U.S. LNG export facilities construction speed can keep up with their pace.
In Freeport before the project, DOE only in May 2011 passed the Cheniere Energy Company is located in Louisiana's Sabine Pass export terminal project. According to U.S. government regulations, to have not signed a free trade agreement with the United States national export natural gas must obtain the approval of the Department of Energy. Insiders believe that this new project approval to release positive signals to the outside world, the United States may be in the future to accelerate the speed of project approval. Washington-based Center for LNG Bill Cooper said this is a good news. "Now the only concern is when we can achieve large-scale LNG exports."fracturing proppant American Petroleum Institute Upstream industry authorities Erik Milito also praised the government made the right decision.
The Freeport project also makes those approved LNG projects to apply for an export license DOE companies see hope. Sempra Energy's CEO Mark Sien in the DOE said after project approval through Freeport, which sent out a positive signal, "Our project is also expected to be adopted soon." Sempra's Cameron LNG export gesep global network of energy saving projects are located in Louisiana Hack Bury, a total investment of 60-70 billion dollars.
There is no doubt that the U.S. is still continuing its " shale gas myth", even IEA in its mid-market report released said the significant increase in oil and gas production in North America to the impact of the global supply chain, will become the next five years The transformative power of the market. Almost everyone is optimistic about the U.S. LNG export prospects, but the Government has been very cautious.
Capital One Financial Corporation analyst Randy Barratier that, although it is approved by the U.S. government after two years LNG export project again, but this will come to the U.S. LNG export policy to relax a bit too hasty conclusions. "A project approval and can not explain too many problems,Unconventional gas besides the size and complexity of the project and other factors will affect the processing speed."
Moody's Investors Service (Moody's Investors Service Inc.), Vice president of m Branch · Mana Bi He also said: "We do not believe that DOE will pursue this release LNG project approval." But she believes that Dominion Resources, Inc., Sempra Energy's LNG export project received the approval of the larger hope.
Currently, there are more than 20 LNG export project is awaiting approval of the DOE, however, about whether the United States should LNG exports, the export volume should discuss issues such as how to control it never stops. Natural Gas LNG export enterprises generally supportive, but industry insiders questioned the U.S. LNG export facilities construction speed can keep up with their pace.
In Freeport before the project, DOE only in May 2011 passed the Cheniere Energy Company is located in Louisiana's Sabine Pass export terminal project. According to U.S. government regulations, to have not signed a free trade agreement with the United States national export natural gas must obtain the approval of the Department of Energy. Insiders believe that this new project approval to release positive signals to the outside world, the United States may be in the future to accelerate the speed of project approval. Washington-based Center for LNG Bill Cooper said this is a good news. "Now the only concern is when we can achieve large-scale LNG exports."fracturing proppant American Petroleum Institute Upstream industry authorities Erik Milito also praised the government made the right decision.
The Freeport project also makes those approved LNG projects to apply for an export license DOE companies see hope. Sempra Energy's CEO Mark Sien in the DOE said after project approval through Freeport, which sent out a positive signal, "Our project is also expected to be adopted soon." Sempra's Cameron LNG export gesep global network of energy saving projects are located in Louisiana Hack Bury, a total investment of 60-70 billion dollars.
Water challenges facing shale gas development under water stress demands of new technology
Accenture recently released "Water and
shale gas development," the report (hereinafter referred to as the report). Reported that the rapid increase in shale gas production has caused widespread concern, the main concern of shale gas development on water resources, roads, air quality, earthquakes and many other areas of greenhouse gas emissions resulting operational impacts. Shale gas wells using hydraulic fracturing technology production process requires large amounts of water, and it will produce more gas than conventional greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the water and emissions concerns, the United States and many parts of Western Europe, shale gas development has encountered great resistance. According to the Energy Information Administration estimated recoverable reserves,Unconventional gas China 1,275,000,000,000,000 cubic feet of shale gas reserves, while China announced after the correction amount of exploration and 882 trillion cubic feet. China shale gas bearing layer depth of 3000-5000 meters, the complex topography. The lack of shale gas development in the short term municipal wastewater treatment facilities. In addition, areas with abundant reserves of shale gas poor surface conditions, population density in some areas of the mountains, which for the exploration and development of shale gas and water transport to bring more problems. Coupled with limited commercial production, water resources and environmental issues or to "Chinese shale gas revolution" cold toppings. Shale gas development in China there is a huge water crisis. National People's Congress of Sichuan Province Development and Reform Commission Li Min has said that shale gas exploitation, requires a lot of water. However, after the use of this water will be some contamination in the process need to be further open up this link.frac sand companies Necessary to solve the water problem, but also the gas mined, and finally also the water recycling.
2013年8月23日星期五
A lot different from the U.S. system
First of land ownership is not the same with the United States, shale gas division of ownership of mineral development are not the same. Public ownership of land, land rights and mineral rights did not achieve separation, the developer is not particularly conducive to numerous non-state-owned enterprises to obtain shale gas resources.
Second, China's natural gas production, transportation, sales have not implemented the vertical separation of management, but there is a strong pipeline transportation of natural gas monopoly, its regulatory framework is also not the same as with the United States.Unconventional gas Since 1993, the United States began to take natural gas production and transportation vertical management model two businesses, developers and carriers will be separated into two separate operating entity, and supervise the implementation of different policies. Intrastate pipeline by state and local legal restrictions, interstate pipelines are subject to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, state, and local laws also apply. Natural gas pipeline operators suppliers to implement non-discriminatory access. Government regulatory pipeline fees, while liberalization of natural gas prices, natural gas producers and users to ensure the pipeline have non-discriminatory access conditions.
Third, exploration and development of shale gas resources environmental pressures facing large than the United States. U.S. sparsely populated, while China Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing and other places more densely populated, large elevation topography, geological disasters, the negative effects of shale gas development significantly. Fracturing well field area is larger, if the future development wells bit more intensive, human disturbance easily induced landslides. And China is a water-scarce countries, shale gas development will not only waste a lot of water, to seize the agricultural water, and even diverted municipal water, but also bring pollution of water resources.
Fourth, the success of shale gas development in the United States and the United States has the world's most open and competitive oil market is closely related to the highest degree,frac sand companies the United States 85% of the oil produced by small and medium companies. In China, the current in the conventional oil and gas resources in the field of exploration and mining rights by PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC and other four major state-owned enterprises and the extension of administrative monopoly, SMEs in the upstream oil and gas field development in an extremely vulnerable position. The monopoly of the institutional and investment subject single, the exclusion of other investors to enter, restricted resources development in the market.
2013年8月17日星期六
Chinese "unconventional" problem: the original innovation
In recent years, with the deepening of theoretical understanding and exploration and development technology, tight gas, coal bed methane, heavy oil, oil sands, etc., have become the world's
Unconventional gas exploration and development in key areas, shale gas and tight oil exploration and development more is to become the focus of world attention. In the June 20 to 21, held in the global Chinese petroleum and petrochemical technology conference,Proppant experts said China's current oil and gas industry has entered both conventional and unconventional oil and gas era, China's oil workers only with the idea of open technical limitations, using technology breakthrough energy dilemma, constantly seeking unconventional oil and gas resource development opportunities.frac sand companies Unconventional oil and gas technology revolution has come before take a leading role in the new energy, oil and gas in the world primary energy will dominate.
Tight oil "is coming"
"Shale gas revolution" wave has not in the past, "tight oil revolution" concept and wind and sky. April 30 this year, the International Energy Agency (IEA) in Paris, France held the IEA World Energy Outlook 2013 oil seminar theme is "tight oil revolution in the future." "Tight oil" is a new cutting-edge concept, but its essence is the original of several
unconventional gas types collectively. IEA for "tight oil" is defined is: "Use of horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing from shale or other low-permeability oil reservoirs mined." In recent years, along with the massive success of the North American tight oil extraction such previously neglected unconventional oil resources have become involved in the national oil industry competing hot area. United States: "tight oil revolution" as an important pioneer in energy, tight oil exploration and development in the United States and Canada, was a huge success, and its production has increased dramatically reversed the downward trend in oil production region. From 2008 onwards, the U.S. domestic oil production increased production mainly from tight oil.frac proppant Tight oil production rapid growth drivers since 2008 in the application of unconventional drilling technology and reservoir fracturing technology continues to progress and improvement. In 2011, U.S. oil production for the first time directional wells over gas production, the number of horizontal wells over vertical wells. Ceramic proppant2015 U.S. tight oil reached 75 million tons annual output in 2020 reached 150 million tons, accounting for domestic oil production 1/3. Tight oil revolution for the United States to bring positive impact is far more ease domestic oil supply and demand, more far-reaching political implications is the release of U.S. energy security and geopolitical pressures. In recent years, the U.S. dependence on foreign oil has dropped to 45% from 63%, the Middle East oil imports by the U.S. line gradually marginalized. This is the IEA as well as paying attention to all the countries worldwide shale oil of the important reasons.
2013年8月15日星期四
Saudi prince suggested economic diversification
There are "oil kingdom," said Saudi Arabia is the world's oil reserves, production and sales of one of the largest, the huge oil revenues that Saudi Arabia in the 1970s to become the world's one of the highest per capita income . However, Saudi Prince Al-Waleed worried that the country's economy will be the threat of
Unconventional gas energy, and to report thereon to the country's oil minister Ali Naimi sent an open letter. British "Financial Times" reported on the 30th, in the open letter, Prince Al-Walid urged the government to accelerate the implementation of the plan to promote the diversification of the Saudi economy, saying "our country is almost entirely dependent on oil because of the continuing threat faced." according to data provided by the Prince Al-Walid, this year, 92% of the country's budget comes from oil revenues. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) data show that Saudi Arabia, nearly 90% of export earnings from oil exports. Last year, the country's oil export revenues amounted to $ 336 billion. Speaking
shale gas energy, Prince Al-Walid, said the threat of shale energy "actually come", "because the threat from shale oil, the Saudi daily 15 million barrels of oil production can not be achieved." in May this year, in a speech, Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi has said the United States would not worry about shale oil production increases, obviously do not agree with Prince Al Waleed oil minister of view.frac sand companies Prince Al-Walid suggested that Saudi Arabia should promote diversification of the Saudi economy, you can plan to develop nuclear energy, solar energy. According to reports, the letter with a copy to the prince's uncle, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia and others, and in the 28th was posted to the Al-Walid's "Twitter" page. However, the Saudi Oil Ministry refused to comment on the letter.
Only a part of the emerging energy revolution
In Wu Libo seems determined for shale gas development, the need to stand in a large domestic and international energy environment and national energy system perspective to look at. "Shale gas development environment compared to photovoltaic and wind power had just started to be more complex. Shale gas is currently a lot of competitors.ceramic proppant Solar PV costs down rapidly, especially for large PV systems, in addition to existing domestic wind turbine manufacturing ability to digest how PV production capacity? "Wu Libo analysts say, but also from the international energy market, the current state is not a tight, competitive energy prices are at a low level, for the development of shale gas is detrimental. "As oil prices $ 140, the coal oil is considered to be a good thing, but when oil prices fell to $ 40 a night, this project can not operate immediately on the go. Currently around $ 80 oil,
shale gas is a viable space, but when the price of oil fell to $ 60 or even lower, the pace of recovery in the world economy if the trend is not accelerating, then a prolonged slump in gas prices is to be expected. traditional gas sources are arrayed in there not afford to use, who Shale gas will use it? there exists considerable investment uncertainty. "Wu Libo that outsiders are looking concept, but the lack of understanding of the system of energy, only to see the state should develop shale gas, on a good to recommend, but did not see China's long-term energy strategy. In fact, China does not lack energy. For China, there are a lot more realistic technical conditions more mature choice. Such as the development of nuclear power in Japan, Fukushima nuclear accident and after a pause, after last year's safety review has gradually started, China's nuclear power development in coastal areas is still very important, putting enormous. Although the long-term plan to reduce the nuclear target in 2020,fracturing proppant but by 2015 the target should be able to complete. The next 10 years, PetroChina, Sinopec's overseas LNG (liquefied natural gas) is also a very large number of projects. China gas line, second-line projects, including Russia's gas exports and negotiations are in progress. Also this year, the situation is completely different coal, gas pressure is very large, in the pre-market tightening when capacity expansion is very powerful, and now demand is insufficient production capacity is still there after. "So now the entire energy market supply side is relatively very liberal state." "Overall, China shale gas real industry, the scale of at least 5-10 years time scale of shale gas or will become possible the arrival of China as part of a whole new energy revolution,Unconventional gas while China's energy revolution is diverse, including solar, wind, nuclear and other full advantage of shale gas will not be thriving. "
2013年8月14日星期三
German government supports the environmental protection department "temperance develop shale gas" attitude
Recently, the German ecological protection department (UBA) Identification Committee raised in Berlin, "At present, the German government only when strictly abide by the conditions of ecological and environmental protection requirements in order to determine whether a company can exploit shale gas ." In early September this year shortly thereafter, the German Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Minister Peter? Alte Meyer approved ecological protection department of the German Accreditation Council on "to control large-scale exploitation of shale gas in Germany," Ceramic proppant the research results. Meanwhile, Pete? Alter Meyer pointed out that the results of these studies to further rational exploitation of shale gas in Germany and lay a good foundation.
German ecological protection department head Eowyn Cartagena? Fula Si Barthes said, by his identification of the jurisdiction of the department in accordance with the findings of the Commission proposal has been made to the German government, "to control the large-scale exploitation of shale gas in Germany." The department's experts believe that Germany has shale gas reserves of 1.3 trillion cubic meters,unconventional gas just enough to use their 13 years, and the shale gas reserves are most concentrated in North Rhine - Westphalia and Lower Saxony underground.
2013年8月11日星期日
Assistant U.S. shale gas into a natural gas power
The United States is the world's first shale gas exploration and development in the country. In 1821,unconventional gas the United States successfully drilled the first commercial shale gas wells mouth. 21st century, the United States growing domestic demand for natural gas, so the shale gas exploration and development have been strengthened.
Data show that the current U.S. shale gas production of the country's total gas output 23 percent, according to the U.S. Department of Energy's latest data, the U.S. shale gas reserves of 23.4 trillion cubic meters of existing, has surpassed Russia as the world's largest natural gas resources and producer countries.
Meanwhile,Frac sand the development and use of shale gas in the United States has entered the commercialization and mass production stage, greatly changed the international natural gas market and the world's energy pattern.
But analysts believe that shale gas development and utilization in the short term is still not a substitute for conventional energy world. In other words, harder and conventional shale gas and liquefied natural gas pipelines compete.
Data show that the current U.S. shale gas production of the country's total gas output 23 percent, according to the U.S. Department of Energy's latest data, the U.S. shale gas reserves of 23.4 trillion cubic meters of existing, has surpassed Russia as the world's largest natural gas resources and producer countries.
Meanwhile,Frac sand the development and use of shale gas in the United States has entered the commercialization and mass production stage, greatly changed the international natural gas market and the world's energy pattern.
But analysts believe that shale gas development and utilization in the short term is still not a substitute for conventional energy world. In other words, harder and conventional shale gas and liquefied natural gas pipelines compete.
2013年8月8日星期四
Algerian tax incentives introduced during the year
Algerian Energy and Mines Minister Yusuf? Eustace non-September 24 has revealed that the new legislative amendments being adjusted, the proposed introduction of preferential tax policies to attract foreign investment
shale gas fields. Windfall tax will be based on (shale gas) yield the amount of grading charged oil revenue tariff will be based on the degree of difficulty and risk of developing the number treated differently.
GDF Suez Vice President Jean - Marie? Much heat that the Algerian policy direction is right. "So that we will have an incentive to develop these inherently more complex unconventional gas resources." How hot said.
Mediterranean Energy Watch pointed out that the increasing demand for natural gas in North Africa native, may limit their ability to export growth. Allegedly, 2030, North Africa, natural gas demand is likely to double, up to 210 billion cubic meters / year.
France's Total Corporate Strategy and Business Development Senior Vice President Germany? Lango Wang believes that Algeria shale gas has good geological conditions. "The country has a large number of source rock resources, but also need to demonstrate whether the commercial exploitation of these resources value." Lango Wang explained.
General Manager of the Algerian state oil company Sonatrach Sariputta that the next few years, Algeria to play at least 400 test wells,frac sand in order to identify where underground shale gas resources with commercial sexual exploitation. Sonatrach will spend $ 80 billion five years for shale gas exploration.
A Ministry of Energy and Mines said that as shale gas development is still in its early stages, it can be predicted that A can not be achieved by 2020, large-scale development of shale gas. But Afghan and down on shale gas prospects, Afghan stable political environment also provides an opportunity to achieve this goal. Analysis pointed out that despite the 2014 Algeria faces an election, but incumbent President Abdelaziz Bouteflika step down the chance is very small.
GDF Suez Vice President Jean - Marie? Much heat that the Algerian policy direction is right. "So that we will have an incentive to develop these inherently more complex unconventional gas resources." How hot said.
Mediterranean Energy Watch pointed out that the increasing demand for natural gas in North Africa native, may limit their ability to export growth. Allegedly, 2030, North Africa, natural gas demand is likely to double, up to 210 billion cubic meters / year.
France's Total Corporate Strategy and Business Development Senior Vice President Germany? Lango Wang believes that Algeria shale gas has good geological conditions. "The country has a large number of source rock resources, but also need to demonstrate whether the commercial exploitation of these resources value." Lango Wang explained.
General Manager of the Algerian state oil company Sonatrach Sariputta that the next few years, Algeria to play at least 400 test wells,frac sand in order to identify where underground shale gas resources with commercial sexual exploitation. Sonatrach will spend $ 80 billion five years for shale gas exploration.
A Ministry of Energy and Mines said that as shale gas development is still in its early stages, it can be predicted that A can not be achieved by 2020, large-scale development of shale gas. But Afghan and down on shale gas prospects, Afghan stable political environment also provides an opportunity to achieve this goal. Analysis pointed out that despite the 2014 Algeria faces an election, but incumbent President Abdelaziz Bouteflika step down the chance is very small.
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