I.e., the catalyst was added to the resin formulation, or after replacement of the outer liquid mortar curing agents, to promote pre-coated gravel stratum at low temperature curing to achieve the Maide Ceramics purpose of the formation of solid rubber, and high temperature coating includes two types of sand. The former is used well temperature 60 ℃ wells, which is used to steam injection thermal recovery wells (steam injection temperature 300 ~ 350 ℃). In recent years, with the progress of technology has developed a low-temperature coated sand (for oil temperature 30 ~ 50 ℃).
(1) at room temperature coated sand: its resin formulations are: quartz sand: Epoxy resin: acetone: coupling = 100:5:5.5:0.2 (mass fraction).
(2) high temperature coated sand: sand control mechanism which is used to heat the pre-coating of gravel sand sand-carrying ceramic
ball fluid at a certain ratio, the column is pumped through underground construction, and forced to squeeze into the outer casing surrounding formations in the well bottom temperature or curing a specific external conditions, the formation of an artificial wall with a certain intensity, but also has a high permeability thereby preventing the formation of sand.
fracturing fluid
2014年1月20日星期一
2013年9月8日星期日
Shale gas is indeed tempting cakes blocks
Shale gas is the energy sector in recent years ranked first in the world of keywords, but also by the Chinese people have heard more and more understanding. U.S.
shale gas production in the rapid growth of the past few years, is considered to be an energy revolution. In the United States Department of Energy report, China's shale gas reserves in the world.
China on the exploitation of shale gas spirits when, some industry experts and industry to pour cold water on this website that China can not be fooled by the United States, or even that that in itself is a conspiracy, trap. In the end how to treat this might reshape the national economic structure, as well as social life energy revolution?
Shale gas is indeed tempting cakes blocks
Shale gas made great contributions to the U.S. economy,frac sand compared to China's natural gas utilization is low and the high dependence on foreign
Shale gas, layman's terms is stored in the shale gas, and we usually cook a bath with natural gas is no different, the main component is methane, but more difficult to develop. The combustion of natural gas off than burning oil less greenhouse gases produced about half of the energy is much higher cleanliness. Meanwhile, gas prices much cheaper than oil. Therefore, the high cost.
With shale gas production steadily increased, the United States hardly needs of foreign imports of natural gas, later also can be exported
2007, blowout in shale gas production, driven by the rapid growth of the U.S. natural gas production, oversupply trend, natural gas prices from $ 8 per thousand cubic feet all the way down to the 2012 $ 2 (about 1000 cubic feet equal to 28.3 cubic meters).
Whether Chinese, Japanese, or European countries, the price of gas more expensive than the United States. It also contributed significantly to many American industrial sector energy costs.ceramic ball In addition, the exploitation of shale gas but also for chemical companies to provide ethane and other raw materials, such as Dow Chemical intended only to build a new plant in the Middle East, and finally in the United States built a.
Consulting firm IHS data show the U.S. shale gas revolution, the rapid development of the chemical industry and has created 1.7 million jobs. So, whether it is the U.S. economy or the lives of ordinary people have benefited from shale gas. University of Houston finance professor Edward - Hess participated in the preparation of a report on the U.S. economy in 2011 alone is estimated to benefit from low gas prices more than 100 billion U.S. dollars.
And China's natural gas in the energy consumption structure in the proportion of very low, only 4%, lower than the world average of nearly 20 percentage points. Meanwhile,Fracturing proppant the foreign dependency quite high, in 2011, 24.3 per cent is imported. Many people may wonder shale gas in China to become a "trap"
China on the exploitation of shale gas spirits when, some industry experts and industry to pour cold water on this website that China can not be fooled by the United States, or even that that in itself is a conspiracy, trap. In the end how to treat this might reshape the national economic structure, as well as social life energy revolution?
Shale gas is indeed tempting cakes blocks
Shale gas made great contributions to the U.S. economy,frac sand compared to China's natural gas utilization is low and the high dependence on foreign
Shale gas, layman's terms is stored in the shale gas, and we usually cook a bath with natural gas is no different, the main component is methane, but more difficult to develop. The combustion of natural gas off than burning oil less greenhouse gases produced about half of the energy is much higher cleanliness. Meanwhile, gas prices much cheaper than oil. Therefore, the high cost.
With shale gas production steadily increased, the United States hardly needs of foreign imports of natural gas, later also can be exported
2007, blowout in shale gas production, driven by the rapid growth of the U.S. natural gas production, oversupply trend, natural gas prices from $ 8 per thousand cubic feet all the way down to the 2012 $ 2 (about 1000 cubic feet equal to 28.3 cubic meters).
Whether Chinese, Japanese, or European countries, the price of gas more expensive than the United States. It also contributed significantly to many American industrial sector energy costs.ceramic ball In addition, the exploitation of shale gas but also for chemical companies to provide ethane and other raw materials, such as Dow Chemical intended only to build a new plant in the Middle East, and finally in the United States built a.
Consulting firm IHS data show the U.S. shale gas revolution, the rapid development of the chemical industry and has created 1.7 million jobs. So, whether it is the U.S. economy or the lives of ordinary people have benefited from shale gas. University of Houston finance professor Edward - Hess participated in the preparation of a report on the U.S. economy in 2011 alone is estimated to benefit from low gas prices more than 100 billion U.S. dollars.
And China's natural gas in the energy consumption structure in the proportion of very low, only 4%, lower than the world average of nearly 20 percentage points. Meanwhile,Fracturing proppant the foreign dependency quite high, in 2011, 24.3 per cent is imported. Many people may wonder shale gas in China to become a "trap"
Shale gas set off an energy revolution
U.S. shale oil supply shocks shift the global balance of power, shale oil production of economic value added, but critics say the environmental costs are also increasing.
U.S. shale oil reserves will rise in new and existing between manufacturers change the global balance of power in the next five years, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA),Fracturing proppant the U.S. will account for one-third of the new energy supply, the United States will change from the world's leading net exporter of oil-importing countries.
Changes in demand for oil will slow oil imports from the Middle East oil-producing results.
"North American off a supply shock, sending ripples around the world," the International Energy Agency Executive Director Maria van der Hoeven.
According to the International Energy Agency predicts that the surge in production capacity we will reshape the entire industry, mainly through the agency twice a year for the next five years, the trend of oil supply and demand report and famous.
IEA said in 2015 the U.S. is expected to replace Russia as the world's largest producer of natural gas, in 2035 will become the "all use of shale gas and self-sufficiency" of the country,ceramic ball we rise in production volume means the world to the traditional oil-producing countries - Middle East and OPEC (OPEC) will soon end,
According to the International Energy Agency, from 2012 to 2018 will take place in the traditional non-opec countries increased 390 million barrels of oil per day, accounting for about two thirds of the growth is expected.
At the same time, global oil demand will increase by 8%, will be dominated by non-OPEC supply, the report says the International Energy Agency is still expected in the next five years, the production capacity in the Middle East Peck suppliers continued growth, but hopefully slowing down.
It is easy to understand Lida market report, OPEC production capacity holds 35% of global oil output is expected to increase 1.75 million barrels per day to 3,675 barrels in 2018 to approximately 750 million barrels more than the IEA forecast for 2012 less.
Sharp rise in U.S. oil production is largely derived from shale oil products, it is hailed by many energy savior.frac sand Hydraulic fracturing, blasting water under high pressure shock release oil shale rock (or gas), this method has been very mature in the United States, but critics point out the oil shale environmental problems such as high water use and possible water pollution, the release of methane and to a lesser extent caused by the seismic drilling.
U.S. shale oil reserves will rise in new and existing between manufacturers change the global balance of power in the next five years, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA),Fracturing proppant the U.S. will account for one-third of the new energy supply, the United States will change from the world's leading net exporter of oil-importing countries.
Changes in demand for oil will slow oil imports from the Middle East oil-producing results.
"North American off a supply shock, sending ripples around the world," the International Energy Agency Executive Director Maria van der Hoeven.
According to the International Energy Agency predicts that the surge in production capacity we will reshape the entire industry, mainly through the agency twice a year for the next five years, the trend of oil supply and demand report and famous.
IEA said in 2015 the U.S. is expected to replace Russia as the world's largest producer of natural gas, in 2035 will become the "all use of shale gas and self-sufficiency" of the country,ceramic ball we rise in production volume means the world to the traditional oil-producing countries - Middle East and OPEC (OPEC) will soon end,
According to the International Energy Agency, from 2012 to 2018 will take place in the traditional non-opec countries increased 390 million barrels of oil per day, accounting for about two thirds of the growth is expected.
At the same time, global oil demand will increase by 8%, will be dominated by non-OPEC supply, the report says the International Energy Agency is still expected in the next five years, the production capacity in the Middle East Peck suppliers continued growth, but hopefully slowing down.
It is easy to understand Lida market report, OPEC production capacity holds 35% of global oil output is expected to increase 1.75 million barrels per day to 3,675 barrels in 2018 to approximately 750 million barrels more than the IEA forecast for 2012 less.
Sharp rise in U.S. oil production is largely derived from shale oil products, it is hailed by many energy savior.frac sand Hydraulic fracturing, blasting water under high pressure shock release oil shale rock (or gas), this method has been very mature in the United States, but critics point out the oil shale environmental problems such as high water use and possible water pollution, the release of methane and to a lesser extent caused by the seismic drilling.
Natural gas prices are affecting China an important factor in the development of shale gas
Natural gas prices are affecting China an important factor in the development of
shale gas . At present, the domestic gas price is much lower than the international prices . Our increasing dependence on imported natural gas , domestic gas prices increase pressure for reform . December 2011 , the National Development and Reform Commission decided in Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to carry natural gas pricing reform.
And other price reforms , like natural gas price reform will also face many difficulties . The most important aspect of the process of the natural gas market , how to balance the interests of all parties ( including governments, businesses and the end consumer , etc. ) .
For example , the domestic gas prices may rise sharply therefore , is one of the important issues. Efficient natural gas pricing mechanism reform to China's shale gas development can provide a better environment for development. Of course, the development of shale gas in turn,fracturing proppant can increase the supply of natural gas to reduce pressure on domestic gas prices .
Rising international oil prices and growing dependence on imported natural gas , could force the Chinese government to formulate specific policies to encourage the development of shale gas . However, we need to pay special attention to the development of shale gas , the environmental risks. There are many American shale gas to underground and surface water resources in the discussion of the potential risks . In China, water is a very poor country, if shale gas water hazards , then , its development will be greatly limited. Limited by resource extraction in the external environment , shale gas development process can not simply rely on the enterprise environment is obviously self-discipline . Three aspects of policy instruments must also be put in place : the relevant laws and regulations, strict supervision , and related penalties.
Exploitation of shale gas is still in its infancy. Although China's current estimates of shale gas reserves are not yet agreed , but there is no doubt that the development of shale gas will increase the supply of natural gas and reduce our dependence on imported natural gas .
For the market, the short-term shale gas is indeed just a concept, to assess the possible inputs and outputs a matter of opinion ,ceramic ball investors need to be cautious. To achieve large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas and the formation of relatively good efficiency, but also take quite a long time. But we will see the rise of shale gas . Therefore , without worrying about shale gas second tender , because the market in addition to speculators , there are many investors with strategic vision .
And other price reforms , like natural gas price reform will also face many difficulties . The most important aspect of the process of the natural gas market , how to balance the interests of all parties ( including governments, businesses and the end consumer , etc. ) .
For example , the domestic gas prices may rise sharply therefore , is one of the important issues. Efficient natural gas pricing mechanism reform to China's shale gas development can provide a better environment for development. Of course, the development of shale gas in turn,fracturing proppant can increase the supply of natural gas to reduce pressure on domestic gas prices .
Rising international oil prices and growing dependence on imported natural gas , could force the Chinese government to formulate specific policies to encourage the development of shale gas . However, we need to pay special attention to the development of shale gas , the environmental risks. There are many American shale gas to underground and surface water resources in the discussion of the potential risks . In China, water is a very poor country, if shale gas water hazards , then , its development will be greatly limited. Limited by resource extraction in the external environment , shale gas development process can not simply rely on the enterprise environment is obviously self-discipline . Three aspects of policy instruments must also be put in place : the relevant laws and regulations, strict supervision , and related penalties.
Exploitation of shale gas is still in its infancy. Although China's current estimates of shale gas reserves are not yet agreed , but there is no doubt that the development of shale gas will increase the supply of natural gas and reduce our dependence on imported natural gas .
For the market, the short-term shale gas is indeed just a concept, to assess the possible inputs and outputs a matter of opinion ,ceramic ball investors need to be cautious. To achieve large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas and the formation of relatively good efficiency, but also take quite a long time. But we will see the rise of shale gas . Therefore , without worrying about shale gas second tender , because the market in addition to speculators , there are many investors with strategic vision .
2013年9月6日星期五
At present, Sino-US cooperation in the field of climate change and what favorable conditions , and what challenges ?
U.S. Energy Information Administration 's latest data show that in 2012 , the U.S. fossil fuel combustion carbon dioxide emissions compared with the previous year dropped again , and since 1994 reached the lowest level . There are many reasons behind this phenomenon ,ceramic ball in addition to the continued economic downturn in the United States , and the United States to improve energy efficiency standards for cars , and I want to emphasize is that the U.S. unconventional oil and gas sector ( especially shale gas industry ) revolutionary change , are profoundly changing the U.S. and global energy map .
Shale gas revolution led to the American natural gas production and consumption grow very quickly, of natural gas in primary energy consumption in the United States the proportion of 22% from 2006 to 2011, the rapid growth of 26 percent. On the other hand , shale gas industry in the horizontal drilling , hydraulic fracturing and micro- seismic monitoring other areas of technology breakthroughs, has also led to the development of U.S. shale oil industry , U.S. energy security so much improved from dependence on foreign oil in 2005 to 60% now down to about 40%.
These changes in the United States to China-US Cooperation on Climate Change has brought no small opportunity, the United States and emission reduction pressure decreases , there is spare capacity and interest the international emission reduction transactions. At the same time ,Ceramic proppant Chinese shale gas technically recoverable reserves ranked first in the world , according to assessment . In view of shale gas in the United States the great success of the two countries in question will shale gas development has a great space for cooperation. In addition, oil security , nuclear power development, energy trading and new energy development and other fields, China-US cooperation in space is in fact not small .
For China , the Sino-US cooperation in the field of climate , it is now both challenges and opportunities . In recent years, rapid growth in China's greenhouse gas emissions . I have recently preliminary estimate, China 2012 carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuel combustion emissions , more than the U.S. national carbon emission levels for more than half ; just fired carbon emissions will exceed U.S. carbon dioxide emissions nationwide nearly 30% . These figures are very alarming . Rapid growth in China's carbon emissions from this perspective, China is quite stressful .
However, if you look at the issue from a different angle , Chinese coal in primary energy accounted for nearly 70% of China 's development model is now over-reliance on high energy consumption ,frac sand companies high emission of heavy industry , and whether it is coal or high energy-consuming industries , if you want to reduce row there are still many policy and technical means , so I often say that China on the issue of the energy saving many challenges , not a bad idea from another angle as the opportunity to look at.
Shale gas revolution led to the American natural gas production and consumption grow very quickly, of natural gas in primary energy consumption in the United States the proportion of 22% from 2006 to 2011, the rapid growth of 26 percent. On the other hand , shale gas industry in the horizontal drilling , hydraulic fracturing and micro- seismic monitoring other areas of technology breakthroughs, has also led to the development of U.S. shale oil industry , U.S. energy security so much improved from dependence on foreign oil in 2005 to 60% now down to about 40%.
These changes in the United States to China-US Cooperation on Climate Change has brought no small opportunity, the United States and emission reduction pressure decreases , there is spare capacity and interest the international emission reduction transactions. At the same time ,Ceramic proppant Chinese shale gas technically recoverable reserves ranked first in the world , according to assessment . In view of shale gas in the United States the great success of the two countries in question will shale gas development has a great space for cooperation. In addition, oil security , nuclear power development, energy trading and new energy development and other fields, China-US cooperation in space is in fact not small .
For China , the Sino-US cooperation in the field of climate , it is now both challenges and opportunities . In recent years, rapid growth in China's greenhouse gas emissions . I have recently preliminary estimate, China 2012 carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuel combustion emissions , more than the U.S. national carbon emission levels for more than half ; just fired carbon emissions will exceed U.S. carbon dioxide emissions nationwide nearly 30% . These figures are very alarming . Rapid growth in China's carbon emissions from this perspective, China is quite stressful .
However, if you look at the issue from a different angle , Chinese coal in primary energy accounted for nearly 70% of China 's development model is now over-reliance on high energy consumption ,frac sand companies high emission of heavy industry , and whether it is coal or high energy-consuming industries , if you want to reduce row there are still many policy and technical means , so I often say that China on the issue of the energy saving many challenges , not a bad idea from another angle as the opportunity to look at.
2013年8月30日星期五
U.S. shale gas costs are underestimated
"Shale gas revolution" - not previously mined from shale reservoirs shale gas and shale oil - has been as an energy game changer.Unconventional gas It is traditional offset the decline in oil and gas production, including shale gas is treated as a low-carbon future transitional fuel, shale oil (also called tight oil) are considered to be able to make the United States to become the world's largest oil producing countries, and reduce oil imports.
These heady proposition has largely been including the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), including government agencies to accept. BP predicts that by 2030, shale gas production will reach three times in 2011, tight oil production in 2011 will be based on an increase of 6 times.
These claims can not withstand careful scrutiny. By the California Santa Rosa in a "post-carbon institute" report "non-conventional fuels can open a new era of energy abundance do? ", The analysis of the United States, 30 and 21 dense shale gas fields, revealing the shale revolution will be difficult to maintain the reality. The study is based on widely adopted industry and government in the database 65000 Shale wells data.ceramic ball It shows shale and shale oil wells / gas production capacity has emerged as a steep downward trend. Many shale gas production costs have exceeded the current natural gas prices, the need to further increase the drilling and capital investment to maintain production.
While shale gas and tight oil extraction over a longer period of time to maintain a certain level above, but will likely yield more than the industrial sector and the government's optimistic forecast to be low. Unless prices rise significantly, or shale gas supply will decline sharply in the next decade. Around shale gas and tight oil,frac sand companies a more realistic discussion imminent - it needs to be sustainable, cost, and environmental impacts in further analysis.
These heady proposition has largely been including the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), including government agencies to accept. BP predicts that by 2030, shale gas production will reach three times in 2011, tight oil production in 2011 will be based on an increase of 6 times.
These claims can not withstand careful scrutiny. By the California Santa Rosa in a "post-carbon institute" report "non-conventional fuels can open a new era of energy abundance do? ", The analysis of the United States, 30 and 21 dense shale gas fields, revealing the shale revolution will be difficult to maintain the reality. The study is based on widely adopted industry and government in the database 65000 Shale wells data.ceramic ball It shows shale and shale oil wells / gas production capacity has emerged as a steep downward trend. Many shale gas production costs have exceeded the current natural gas prices, the need to further increase the drilling and capital investment to maintain production.
While shale gas and tight oil extraction over a longer period of time to maintain a certain level above, but will likely yield more than the industrial sector and the government's optimistic forecast to be low. Unless prices rise significantly, or shale gas supply will decline sharply in the next decade. Around shale gas and tight oil,frac sand companies a more realistic discussion imminent - it needs to be sustainable, cost, and environmental impacts in further analysis.
Improve energy efficiency and economic growth paradox
With population growth and energy scarcity near future per capita energy consumption will be less. Thus, whatever people are drawing a blueprint for a low-carbon or carbon,Ceramic proppant the results are the same, that is used in transportation, agriculture, and home heating and cooling energy is less and less, for the manufacture and use of electronic products increasingly energy less for the construction and maintenance of the city's less and less energy.
Efficiency may help people reduce energy consumption. On how to reduce energy inputs, relevant research has been carried out for decades. As to the present from incandescent bulbs LED lights, lighting electricity consumption decreased by 90%. However, energy efficiency efforts also subject to the constraints of the law of diminishing returns. Can not be in the case of energy, manufacturing and transportation of goods, and each time efficiency are meant to be used even more energy.
Humanity is at a crossroads. Since the industrial revolution, cheap and abundant energy driving the economy is growing, management elite is willing to participate in the discussion of how to develop the economy.
And now, I'm afraid discussions must focus on how to achieve economic contraction. Hard to imagine that politicians promised in campaign speeches to achieve economic crunch,ceramic ball which is tantamount to self-destruct. Original mode of thinking has been ingrained, but sooner or later reality will shatter the dream of the earth's resources endless growth.
Sooner or later, humans had to implement energy conservation policy, which means that you must increase efficiency, using less energy to provide the same service. It also means that you must reduce unnecessary energy consumption, rather than continue to increase demand for energy. Must begin to consider how to meet the basic minimum consumption of resources needs.
If you can plan ahead,frac sand then to a more sustainable, more flexible and less energy consuming sectors of the economy will shift more smoothly.
Efficiency may help people reduce energy consumption. On how to reduce energy inputs, relevant research has been carried out for decades. As to the present from incandescent bulbs LED lights, lighting electricity consumption decreased by 90%. However, energy efficiency efforts also subject to the constraints of the law of diminishing returns. Can not be in the case of energy, manufacturing and transportation of goods, and each time efficiency are meant to be used even more energy.
Humanity is at a crossroads. Since the industrial revolution, cheap and abundant energy driving the economy is growing, management elite is willing to participate in the discussion of how to develop the economy.
And now, I'm afraid discussions must focus on how to achieve economic contraction. Hard to imagine that politicians promised in campaign speeches to achieve economic crunch,ceramic ball which is tantamount to self-destruct. Original mode of thinking has been ingrained, but sooner or later reality will shatter the dream of the earth's resources endless growth.
Sooner or later, humans had to implement energy conservation policy, which means that you must increase efficiency, using less energy to provide the same service. It also means that you must reduce unnecessary energy consumption, rather than continue to increase demand for energy. Must begin to consider how to meet the basic minimum consumption of resources needs.
If you can plan ahead,frac sand then to a more sustainable, more flexible and less energy consuming sectors of the economy will shift more smoothly.
2013年8月29日星期四
Of consumer demand for oil is likely to have been at or near peak
As China's economic development,Ceramic proppant the rapid growth of oil consumption , the foreign dependency rising prices of energy management first is the opening price of oil , with international standards, which for the central enterprises to stay out of the oil dividend policy space, and according to market demand to expand imports also supported international oil prices , oil central enterprises achievements of today's market position. What is more important is that , so far, the oil supply to support sustained and rapid economic growth , has made its due contributions. Although the current refined oil pricing mechanism ,ceramic ball a certain sense is to give oil central enterprises bonus mechanisms, such as neglect or even at the expense of oil quality management , ignoring changes in exchange rates and domestic production of some important factors such as low cost , energy security means dividends even more pronounced. From the past to achieve the policy objective of energy security considerations, the existing mechanism is still worthwhile and should be in the affirmative. We should also clearly growing consumer demand and dependence on foreign oil , and the resulting low level of the oil industry market , oil central enterprises endogenous development , lack of motivation and lack of market-based refined oil market supervision system and other issues. From the global oil and strategic economic interests , which the Americans would like to see .
Ten years, international oil prices high, driven by growth in the global oil industry investment boom , so now the international market oil supply. Domestic According to Customs data , the first 4 months of this year , China imported 90.25 million tons of crude oil , down 0.9% , which is apparent oil demand since the first quarter of 2009 after the outbreak of the global financial crisis, down 2% since the second decline ; Meanwhile, a quarter of China's auto sales more than 540 million units,frac sand companies demand for oil pulling power is not small , but still not arrived in oil prices " short side " of energy . According to reports, gasoline and diesel in the first quarter export growth , though not absolute , but it should be oil central enterprises to market changes foresight important signal . There are signs , China's oil consumption demand is likely to have been at or near the peak , enter the inflection point . A quarter of the outbreak of large-scale haze , I had to judge this prolonged decline in oil prices is likely to be a landmark event , it seems a bit unfortunate omen fulfilled .
Ten years, international oil prices high, driven by growth in the global oil industry investment boom , so now the international market oil supply. Domestic According to Customs data , the first 4 months of this year , China imported 90.25 million tons of crude oil , down 0.9% , which is apparent oil demand since the first quarter of 2009 after the outbreak of the global financial crisis, down 2% since the second decline ; Meanwhile, a quarter of China's auto sales more than 540 million units,frac sand companies demand for oil pulling power is not small , but still not arrived in oil prices " short side " of energy . According to reports, gasoline and diesel in the first quarter export growth , though not absolute , but it should be oil central enterprises to market changes foresight important signal . There are signs , China's oil consumption demand is likely to have been at or near the peak , enter the inflection point . A quarter of the outbreak of large-scale haze , I had to judge this prolonged decline in oil prices is likely to be a landmark event , it seems a bit unfortunate omen fulfilled .
2013年8月28日星期三
Shale energy industry is a highly competitive industry
Statoil Bakken shale production breakeven point of near $ 60 a barrel, which is approximately the company's portfolio of projects throughout the world average. This means that oil prices also need to drop a large extent,shale gas will let Bakken shale production became unprofitable.
However, if oil prices have more than enough, shale oil production could respond quickly. In the "traditional" and even large-scale offshore oil project, the vast majority of costs are pre-spending: spending to find oil and deployment of mining facilities. Once this is done, the marginal cost of a barrel of oil is quite low.
In the onshore shale oil project,frac sand companies the cost of drilling a well is much lower (possibly $ 10 million, while the cost of a well deepwater offshore projects as $ 100 million), but the rate of decline in production is also much faster, so needs through continuous drilling to maintain production.
If for whatever reason the world economy back into recession, causing oil prices really started to fall significantly, the U.S. economy of shale oil production will be tested.
With the gradual expansion of shale oil industry, it began to get involved in more challenging storage. For example, in North Dakota, mining increasingly concentrated in Sri Fox reservoir (Three Forks formation), which overlaps with the Bakken shale, but the location is deeper.
On the other hand,ceramic ball shale oil operators are also learning more mining methods, while also improving efficiency. Bakken Shale another large manufacturer, American Independent Petroleum Group Hess (Hess) said it has drilled a well in the local cost from $ 13.4 million a year ago fell in the first quarter of $ 8.6 million. Similarly, Continental Resources Inc. to drill a well last year, the average cost is $ 9.2 million, down $ 8.2 million currently intend.
Improve efficiency in response to the deteriorating geological conditions of competition, Horace said he was "quite optimistic that" manufacturers will catch up to the next decade,Ceramic proppant the breakeven price would come down.
He said: "This is a vibrant and competitive industry. Everyone is trying to progress in learning from each other."
However, if oil prices have more than enough, shale oil production could respond quickly. In the "traditional" and even large-scale offshore oil project, the vast majority of costs are pre-spending: spending to find oil and deployment of mining facilities. Once this is done, the marginal cost of a barrel of oil is quite low.
In the onshore shale oil project,frac sand companies the cost of drilling a well is much lower (possibly $ 10 million, while the cost of a well deepwater offshore projects as $ 100 million), but the rate of decline in production is also much faster, so needs through continuous drilling to maintain production.
If for whatever reason the world economy back into recession, causing oil prices really started to fall significantly, the U.S. economy of shale oil production will be tested.
With the gradual expansion of shale oil industry, it began to get involved in more challenging storage. For example, in North Dakota, mining increasingly concentrated in Sri Fox reservoir (Three Forks formation), which overlaps with the Bakken shale, but the location is deeper.
On the other hand,ceramic ball shale oil operators are also learning more mining methods, while also improving efficiency. Bakken Shale another large manufacturer, American Independent Petroleum Group Hess (Hess) said it has drilled a well in the local cost from $ 13.4 million a year ago fell in the first quarter of $ 8.6 million. Similarly, Continental Resources Inc. to drill a well last year, the average cost is $ 9.2 million, down $ 8.2 million currently intend.
Improve efficiency in response to the deteriorating geological conditions of competition, Horace said he was "quite optimistic that" manufacturers will catch up to the next decade,Ceramic proppant the breakeven price would come down.
He said: "This is a vibrant and competitive industry. Everyone is trying to progress in learning from each other."
Advances in mining technology to reduce production costs
Combined with improved seismic imaging, recession velocity and underground geologic model, these technological advances lead to more drilling program was more effective implementation,Fracturing proppant while the cost per well also declined. These are just some of the improvements in terms of efficiency, revenue also comes from the producers of their joint adjacent terrain area, rather than the dispersion of small-scale leases. Through the joint use of equipment and production staff turnover achieved economies of scale.
While we expect higher productivity growth, however, because the huge leap in technological progress is likely to disappear, the growth rate will likely occur after reaching diminishing returns.ceramic ball Combining these cases, in fact, focused on the production of the most resource-rich areas and easy to reach areas, which means that the rest of the mining areas will be faced with the challenge of declining productivity.ceramic proppant Overall, we expect the fastest growth in crude oil production is likely to disappear within the next two years and after a slowdown in 2015.
While we expect higher productivity growth, however, because the huge leap in technological progress is likely to disappear, the growth rate will likely occur after reaching diminishing returns.ceramic ball Combining these cases, in fact, focused on the production of the most resource-rich areas and easy to reach areas, which means that the rest of the mining areas will be faced with the challenge of declining productivity.ceramic proppant Overall, we expect the fastest growth in crude oil production is likely to disappear within the next two years and after a slowdown in 2015.
2013年8月27日星期二
Shale gas contamination risk arouses worries
Shale gas triggered by the " energy revolution " Masamori momentum , while mining the enormous water consumption , groundwater pollution problems began quietly affecting people's nerves .ceramic ball Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection Engineer ten thousand too 29 in Beijing , said the ministry has not yet received the current shale gas project environmental impact assessment application , but any future development project must strictly carry out environmental impact assessment .
By the end of 2012 , China conducted a second round of MLR bustling shale gas exploration bidding . However, according to media reports , compared to the previous spectacle successful business in the new shale gas exploration and development of the actual input level as yet no substantive .
It is understood , including shale gas exploration, drilling , well completion process , the core technology is horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing . World-renowned consulting firm Accenture released a report earlier , generally required for drilling and fracturing 18,927,000 liters of water , the equivalent of 1,000 trucks transported water . In addition to a huge amount of water , shale gas extraction wastewater generated contains hydrocarbons, heavy metals , salt , and a hundred kinds of chemical substances, if the infusion or perfusion layer below the requirements of the inappropriate choice will result in groundwater contamination .
" After all, drill into underground shale gas , drill through multiple aquifer" , ten thousand too that shale gas does cause risk of groundwater contamination . He also disclosed that the current Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences , Center for Environmental Assessment and other environmental research institutes under the Ministry of the Environment has developed the pros and cons of shale gas analysis report presenting the ministry .
Chinese population density, water scarcity and uneven distribution of seasonal water shortages distinctive characteristics. The concentrated distribution of shale gas in Sichuan , Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi and other regions, the complex geological conditions , underground river caves and more, increasing the difficulty of groundwater pollution prevention and control .
In ten thousand too seems to control the risk of groundwater contamination in shale gas development project before the environmental impact assessment must be carried out strictly on the possible water bodies, air and other environmental factors cause the system to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the risks . " If necessary, can also be international cooperation , learn from foreign research experience ."
In fact, the environmental risks of shale gas development and development concerns enthusiasm almost simultaneously .Fracturing proppant Some observers have pointed out here , from the Chinese " shale gas development plan ( 2011-2015 ) " , the current land, energy and other management department of shale gas development to the environment , ecology and human health impacts of inadequate consideration and recommended from the environmental efficiency of resources , ecological environment carrying capacity and environmental optimization of the level of risk , and many other shale gas development plan , good for sensitive targets avoidance and protection measures .
Ten thousand that day too is organized by the China Journalists Association 's third period " ' Chinese Dream' with Chinese ecological civilization " news cafes revealed the above information .
By the end of 2012 , China conducted a second round of MLR bustling shale gas exploration bidding . However, according to media reports , compared to the previous spectacle successful business in the new shale gas exploration and development of the actual input level as yet no substantive .
It is understood , including shale gas exploration, drilling , well completion process , the core technology is horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing . World-renowned consulting firm Accenture released a report earlier , generally required for drilling and fracturing 18,927,000 liters of water , the equivalent of 1,000 trucks transported water . In addition to a huge amount of water , shale gas extraction wastewater generated contains hydrocarbons, heavy metals , salt , and a hundred kinds of chemical substances, if the infusion or perfusion layer below the requirements of the inappropriate choice will result in groundwater contamination .
" After all, drill into underground shale gas , drill through multiple aquifer" , ten thousand too that shale gas does cause risk of groundwater contamination . He also disclosed that the current Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences , Center for Environmental Assessment and other environmental research institutes under the Ministry of the Environment has developed the pros and cons of shale gas analysis report presenting the ministry .
Chinese population density, water scarcity and uneven distribution of seasonal water shortages distinctive characteristics. The concentrated distribution of shale gas in Sichuan , Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi and other regions, the complex geological conditions , underground river caves and more, increasing the difficulty of groundwater pollution prevention and control .
In ten thousand too seems to control the risk of groundwater contamination in shale gas development project before the environmental impact assessment must be carried out strictly on the possible water bodies, air and other environmental factors cause the system to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the risks . " If necessary, can also be international cooperation , learn from foreign research experience ."
In fact, the environmental risks of shale gas development and development concerns enthusiasm almost simultaneously .Fracturing proppant Some observers have pointed out here , from the Chinese " shale gas development plan ( 2011-2015 ) " , the current land, energy and other management department of shale gas development to the environment , ecology and human health impacts of inadequate consideration and recommended from the environmental efficiency of resources , ecological environment carrying capacity and environmental optimization of the level of risk , and many other shale gas development plan , good for sensitive targets avoidance and protection measures .
Ten thousand that day too is organized by the China Journalists Association 's third period " ' Chinese Dream' with Chinese ecological civilization " news cafes revealed the above information .
Limited impact on short-term and long-term impact of a huge
Short term, the U.S. oil exports more symbolic than practical significance, direct impact is limited. Over the past 10 years, U.S. exports to Canada only a small amount of crude oil ,ceramic ball the annual export volume of 800 million tons ( 2011 data ) . Although domestic oil production capacity improved, but the oil is completely independent from great distance , from a net oil output is out of reach.
One area in North America to achieve energy independence as possible. International Energy Agency (IEA) predicted that output growth in accordance with the current trends, by 2017 , the United States may be more than Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil producer . 2012 , IEA in the " World Energy Outlook" that America's future oil and gas production increases, the global energy landscape will undergo radical changes. In the global energy map of the significant changes in the North American leader. The next 10 years, the U.S. energy self-sufficiency rate will keep rising , it is possible to achieve energy independence within North America ,Unconventional gas that is outside of North America 's energy dependence is reduced to below 5% level.
The second is to speed up the flow of global oil change . With the resource situation changes , technological progress and economic development , global oil and gas production and consumption are adjusting territory among the U.S., EU and Asia 's oil imports three major economic zones gradually clear the main channel . U.S. oil imports have formed the core of the North American , South America, Africa and the Middle East as a complementary pattern. Sides of the Atlantic ( the Americas and West Africa ) became the absolute main foreign oil supplies , the U.S. nearly 70 percent of its oil imports come from the Atlantic .
China , Japan and India, the Asia-Pacific region's oil consuming countries are highly dependent on Middle East oil supplies. Some agencies are expected , the future of China , India and other emerging markets will drive global energy demand continues to be important engine of growth , dependence on Middle East oil will be further deepened.
Third is part of the income of oil-exporting countries affected. U.S. shale oil production rise and increase self-sufficiency , the greatest impact of some of the oil-producing countries in Africa . Since 2010, Africa's crude oil exports to the United States significantly reduced , the U.S. market was originally from Nigeria, Algeria , Angola and other countries of crude shale gas oil was quickly replaced . In 2012, the United States is no longer Angola 's largest oil buyers, imports accounted for only 11% of its total exports , behind China and India.
Fourth, the oil market competition may be more intense. U.S. oil self-sufficiency and export of crude oil increased to improve the international oil market supply, the maintenance of the global energy supply and demand balance and price stability is of great significance . Including the United States OECD ( OECD ) countries, slowing growth in oil consumption occurs or downward trend in global oil supply and demand tight pattern will be mitigated to some extent . However, these countries long-established pattern of high energy consumption in the short term is difficult to change . The oil-consuming countries in the process of reshaping the balance of the oil market , are trying to build and strengthen their own can be driven , secure, stable oil supply system. Under the action of various forces , between developed countries , developing countries , between developed and developing countries around the oil resources of the competition between the long-term will continue to exist, and may under certain conditions tends to be intensified.
One area in North America to achieve energy independence as possible. International Energy Agency (IEA) predicted that output growth in accordance with the current trends, by 2017 , the United States may be more than Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil producer . 2012 , IEA in the " World Energy Outlook" that America's future oil and gas production increases, the global energy landscape will undergo radical changes. In the global energy map of the significant changes in the North American leader. The next 10 years, the U.S. energy self-sufficiency rate will keep rising , it is possible to achieve energy independence within North America ,Unconventional gas that is outside of North America 's energy dependence is reduced to below 5% level.
The second is to speed up the flow of global oil change . With the resource situation changes , technological progress and economic development , global oil and gas production and consumption are adjusting territory among the U.S., EU and Asia 's oil imports three major economic zones gradually clear the main channel . U.S. oil imports have formed the core of the North American , South America, Africa and the Middle East as a complementary pattern. Sides of the Atlantic ( the Americas and West Africa ) became the absolute main foreign oil supplies , the U.S. nearly 70 percent of its oil imports come from the Atlantic .
China , Japan and India, the Asia-Pacific region's oil consuming countries are highly dependent on Middle East oil supplies. Some agencies are expected , the future of China , India and other emerging markets will drive global energy demand continues to be important engine of growth , dependence on Middle East oil will be further deepened.
Third is part of the income of oil-exporting countries affected. U.S. shale oil production rise and increase self-sufficiency , the greatest impact of some of the oil-producing countries in Africa . Since 2010, Africa's crude oil exports to the United States significantly reduced , the U.S. market was originally from Nigeria, Algeria , Angola and other countries of crude shale gas oil was quickly replaced . In 2012, the United States is no longer Angola 's largest oil buyers, imports accounted for only 11% of its total exports , behind China and India.
Fourth, the oil market competition may be more intense. U.S. oil self-sufficiency and export of crude oil increased to improve the international oil market supply, the maintenance of the global energy supply and demand balance and price stability is of great significance . Including the United States OECD ( OECD ) countries, slowing growth in oil consumption occurs or downward trend in global oil supply and demand tight pattern will be mitigated to some extent . However, these countries long-established pattern of high energy consumption in the short term is difficult to change . The oil-consuming countries in the process of reshaping the balance of the oil market , are trying to build and strengthen their own can be driven , secure, stable oil supply system. Under the action of various forces , between developed countries , developing countries , between developed and developing countries around the oil resources of the competition between the long-term will continue to exist, and may under certain conditions tends to be intensified.
U.S. natural gas production to new highs
DOE said the Freeport project will bring substantial economic benefits, but this is a new high of U.S. natural gas production brought shock effect of the "true portrayal."
In recent years, the U.S. oil and gas production increase is an indisputable fact. 16, 2011,Unconventional gas the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued a monthly report, in 2012 the U.S. natural gas production increased by 5% over last year, reaching a new historical point; daily demand for natural gas reached 70 billion cubic feet, but also the highest level since records began. Meanwhile, last year's U.S. natural gas prices fell nearly 10 years to the lowest point, the average spot price of natural gas per million British thermal units $ 2.74, compared with 2011 decreased by 31%.
The face of increasing production, the majority of the natural gas producers hope the U.S. government to release LNG exports. But there are also companies that the government should restrict exports,ceramic ball Dow Chemical (DOW) is one of them. The company believes that LNG exports will cause a large number of domestic natural gas prices. But DOW Freeport project approved by the Government for the welcome. DOW Vice President George Biletezi said the United States should export LNG, but we must grasp the scale, do not affect the domestic market. "The DOE's move commendable, both the Government to promote the release of LNG export intentions, but also to maintain the usual strict."
Environmental groups for DOE approval of new LNG export project protest. Sierra Club environmental group said more LNG export project through the approval will accelerate the pace of development of U.S. natural gas. "Anti-gas movement" promoter Deborah · Nathan said: "This means more use of hydraulic fracturing, more air and water pollution,frac sand as well as bring more environmental problems."
In recent years, the U.S. oil and gas production increase is an indisputable fact. 16, 2011,Unconventional gas the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued a monthly report, in 2012 the U.S. natural gas production increased by 5% over last year, reaching a new historical point; daily demand for natural gas reached 70 billion cubic feet, but also the highest level since records began. Meanwhile, last year's U.S. natural gas prices fell nearly 10 years to the lowest point, the average spot price of natural gas per million British thermal units $ 2.74, compared with 2011 decreased by 31%.
The face of increasing production, the majority of the natural gas producers hope the U.S. government to release LNG exports. But there are also companies that the government should restrict exports,ceramic ball Dow Chemical (DOW) is one of them. The company believes that LNG exports will cause a large number of domestic natural gas prices. But DOW Freeport project approved by the Government for the welcome. DOW Vice President George Biletezi said the United States should export LNG, but we must grasp the scale, do not affect the domestic market. "The DOE's move commendable, both the Government to promote the release of LNG export intentions, but also to maintain the usual strict."
Environmental groups for DOE approval of new LNG export project protest. Sierra Club environmental group said more LNG export project through the approval will accelerate the pace of development of U.S. natural gas. "Anti-gas movement" promoter Deborah · Nathan said: "This means more use of hydraulic fracturing, more air and water pollution,frac sand as well as bring more environmental problems."
America shale oil production of OPEC temporarily jeopardize
United States, "Wall Street Journal" that OPEC will maintain its target of around 30 million barrels per day output unchanged, while oil prices in the third and fourth quarter will remain at around $ 100 a barrel.Fracturing proppant The surge in U.S. shale oil production, OPEC will exacerbate internal divisions, it had to face the global oil trade possible fluctuation. According to the International Energy Agency predicted that OPEC's biggest customer - North America, in 2030, became a net oil exporter, which will direct threat to OPEC.
However, the representative of Saudi Arabia said that the increase in U.S. shale oil production will not jeopardize OPEC or Saudi Arabia. OPEC "2012 annual data report" shows that Saudi Arabia in 2011 721.8 million barrels of daily exports of crude oil, of which 448.7 million barrels of exports to the Asia-Pacific region, 62.2% of the total export volume. Except Saudi crude exports more Asia-Pacific countries also Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,ceramic ball Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. From this data we can see that Asia-Pacific countries of OPEC crude oil supply main square.
Some media analysts believe that OPEC's oil trade with the Asia-Pacific region in general is a seller's market, which is very different from Europe and America. In addition to the United States imports of Middle East oil, but also imports crude oil from the Americas, Europe relies on Russia's crude oil supply to meet the needs. To ensure the production of crude oil in the U.S. and European markets have a corresponding competitiveness, including OPEC member countries, including the Middle East for crude oil trade in Europe and America, the prices tend to make the appropriate concessions. As for the Asian oil market, the Middle East crude oil in a relatively monopolistic position on the issue of oil pricing initiative, resulting in the "Asian premium" phenomenon of persistence of this situation indicates that OPEC crude oil supply through affecting the entire Asia Pacific region.
In the U.S. global strategy focus to the Asia-Pacific, we are bound to implement the strategy of OPEC as an important tool. With the increase in U.S. crude oil production,hydraulic fracturing as well as dependence on OPEC crude oil decline, the U.S. attitude subtle changes will occur in the future in the affairs of the negotiations with OPEC, OPEC American initiative and desire to control will be further strengthened.
However, the representative of Saudi Arabia said that the increase in U.S. shale oil production will not jeopardize OPEC or Saudi Arabia. OPEC "2012 annual data report" shows that Saudi Arabia in 2011 721.8 million barrels of daily exports of crude oil, of which 448.7 million barrels of exports to the Asia-Pacific region, 62.2% of the total export volume. Except Saudi crude exports more Asia-Pacific countries also Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,ceramic ball Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. From this data we can see that Asia-Pacific countries of OPEC crude oil supply main square.
Some media analysts believe that OPEC's oil trade with the Asia-Pacific region in general is a seller's market, which is very different from Europe and America. In addition to the United States imports of Middle East oil, but also imports crude oil from the Americas, Europe relies on Russia's crude oil supply to meet the needs. To ensure the production of crude oil in the U.S. and European markets have a corresponding competitiveness, including OPEC member countries, including the Middle East for crude oil trade in Europe and America, the prices tend to make the appropriate concessions. As for the Asian oil market, the Middle East crude oil in a relatively monopolistic position on the issue of oil pricing initiative, resulting in the "Asian premium" phenomenon of persistence of this situation indicates that OPEC crude oil supply through affecting the entire Asia Pacific region.
In the U.S. global strategy focus to the Asia-Pacific, we are bound to implement the strategy of OPEC as an important tool. With the increase in U.S. crude oil production,hydraulic fracturing as well as dependence on OPEC crude oil decline, the U.S. attitude subtle changes will occur in the future in the affairs of the negotiations with OPEC, OPEC American initiative and desire to control will be further strengthened.
2013年8月23日星期五
Exploration and development are at an early stage
Conditions of shale gas resource base has its own characteristics, exploration and development at an early stage,Fracturing proppant technology is not mature enough. First, China's shale gas geological formation later in the United States, shale gas reservoirs and shale gas reservoirs in the United States compared to a huge difference in the overall high degree of thermal evolution of organic matter, burial depth is large, such as the U.S. shale gas burial depth of 200 meters to more than 2000 meters, while China Sichuan Basin shale gas burial depth of 1,500 meters to more than 4000 m; Guizhou, Chongqing, Hunan and other places shale thin and often multi-layered rendering together, different levels of partial visible deterioration; shale gas between different regions is difficult to compare between wells references, analogies,ceramic ball even layer more difficult.
Second, China's shale gas resource exploration and development started late, still in its infancy stage. MLR 2005 began preliminary research, there has been no domestic shale gas resource potential and favorable zones for system evaluation and technical pilot test. Third,frac sand companies technological progress is to promote the commercial development of shale gas key factors, while China's shale gas development technology is not mature, critical technologies have not yet achieved a real breakthrough, shale gas development related technologies need to overcome. At present, China's shale gas geological knowledge and engineering techniques is not mature, core analysis, logging and interpretation of reservoir evaluation, and composite oil-based mud, drillable bridge plug, micro seismic monitoring,Proppant etc. Drilling and Completion techniques and tools need to be improved and perfected.
Second, China's shale gas resource exploration and development started late, still in its infancy stage. MLR 2005 began preliminary research, there has been no domestic shale gas resource potential and favorable zones for system evaluation and technical pilot test. Third,frac sand companies technological progress is to promote the commercial development of shale gas key factors, while China's shale gas development technology is not mature, critical technologies have not yet achieved a real breakthrough, shale gas development related technologies need to overcome. At present, China's shale gas geological knowledge and engineering techniques is not mature, core analysis, logging and interpretation of reservoir evaluation, and composite oil-based mud, drillable bridge plug, micro seismic monitoring,Proppant etc. Drilling and Completion techniques and tools need to be improved and perfected.
The global shale gas exploration significance
Including shale gas,Fracturing proppant including unconventional oil and gas resources, the impact on the U.S. economy is not limited to oil and gas sector has been, electricity as an important factor of production, basically involves all sectors of the national economy.
Currently, the largest U.S. electricity demand from civilian consumption accounted for 38%, followed by commercial and industrial, were 35% and 27%. Lower electricity prices to the residents of adding more and more disposable income, consumer confidence, business users also reduces operating costs,ceramic ball U.S. domestic manufacturing industry compared to international competitors gained more cost advantage. These positive factors are slowly recovering from the recession in the U.S. economy is significant.
According to the United States, as the think tank pole (HIS) estimated that by 2035 the amount of gas-fired generation and coal power generation capacity will be comparable. This will completely change the U.S. secondary energy structure, but also for the United States in the global carbon market for more right to speak, at the same time,frac sand companies natural gas power generation but also for the United States a smoother transition to renewable energy to provide the impetus.
Currently, the largest U.S. electricity demand from civilian consumption accounted for 38%, followed by commercial and industrial, were 35% and 27%. Lower electricity prices to the residents of adding more and more disposable income, consumer confidence, business users also reduces operating costs,ceramic ball U.S. domestic manufacturing industry compared to international competitors gained more cost advantage. These positive factors are slowly recovering from the recession in the U.S. economy is significant.
According to the United States, as the think tank pole (HIS) estimated that by 2035 the amount of gas-fired generation and coal power generation capacity will be comparable. This will completely change the U.S. secondary energy structure, but also for the United States in the global carbon market for more right to speak, at the same time,frac sand companies natural gas power generation but also for the United States a smoother transition to renewable energy to provide the impetus.
2013年8月22日星期四
U.S. does have the ability to guide the oil price realization
U.S. foreign policy since last year really began to actively use energy as a means, especially since early this year,fracturing proppant Obama hydraulic fracturing, shale oil and gas exploration and gas exports and other issues showed a positive attitude to their first term For the negative attitude of traditional energy has greatly changed. Since last year, through the natural gas exports, the United States also succeeded to set a good example in Europe and Asia, the European Union Russia gas (Gazprom) has launched an antitrust investigation, succeeded in forcing its price cuts, Britain and Germany began to intervene in shale gas production, Japan In actively trying to develop combustible ice.
But it is worth noting that although Obama has some policies on fossil fuels on the steering, but at least for now, this shift more confined to natural gas instead of coal and oil; natural gas as the only fossil energy clean energy , its marketing can be counted as traditional and renewable energy roadmap at this stage, a balance between. For crude oil, apparently Obama's policies are not so forgiving, in KeystoneXL pipeline construction can be seen on many other issues.
Of course, the U.S. does have the ability to guide the oil price achieved last year is a crucial year for WTI Brent catch up, Brent crude oil futures volume 2 consecutive quarters catch WTI, even the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) report have begun to use as a benchmark Brent .
But it is worth noting that, since last August TOT submit letters to the IOSCO without naming that the current existence of the North Sea market manipulation after, Brent began to fall into the whirlpool;Hydraulic fracturing Platts February this year, Shell was the first to split the North Sea market place edge, then in May 13 IEA monthly report released by the day, the European Commission said Brent pricing mechanism will these two companies and BP, the Norwegian State Oil (StatOil) investigation, Brent pricing, reliability has been seriously questioned. Brent WTI spread for the same period has quietly repaired, it is foreseeable that, no two years, WTI will once again return to the throne of the world's first benchmark oil price.
Thus in this context, the United States is no reason to suppress the price of oil is more, on the one hand, strategic center of gravity eastward since 2012, the United States is China's diplomatic core, suppressing prices equal to the China provides cheap oil of the road, which obviously does not meet the U.S. strategic needs; the other hand, oil prices continued to fall,ceramic ball it is not conducive to long-term clean energy Obama implementation of the strategy; addition, suppress WTI oil prices is not conducive to snatch back the high ground.
Shale gas development escort urgent environmental protection system
Shale gas development is generally considered China to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy competitive opportunities.
However, the current presence on shale gas development is one of the controversial environmental issues. By fracking unconventional oil and gas exploration will be environmental concerns are not unfounded. Even in the U.S., and its decades of the development process has been accompanied by environmental issues questioned.
On the one hand is the large-scale shale gas development may be able to make our energy to accelerate the pace of structural adjustment, on the other shale gas development process of the environmental damage caused by worries difficult to eliminate. Shale gas development on environmental issues seem to fall into a dilemma. But in the face of future energy problems, we do not stop there, but to develop reasonable and effective environmental protection system, effective guidance in the development of unconventional oil and gas companies, the greatest degree of protection of the environment.frac sand Therefore, the industry look forward to the early introduction of relevant environmental policies.
Policymakers need for policy makers to unconventional oil and gas-rich region has considerable understanding of geological conditions. But already for unconventional oil and gas geological data and very shallow, which will cause great environmental challenges, if not addressed delays in the development of the actual situation of environmental protection system, businesses will know what to do.
So for our purposes, the moment that "shale gas revolution" slogan whom seem premature, although the potential is huge, but the development of shale gas is still in the initial stages. Find out the unconventional oil and gas producing areas of geological conditions,ceramic ball access to detailed information is imperative. Shale gas is a better future requires a solid footprint, and improve environmental policy is perhaps an important step.
However, the current presence on shale gas development is one of the controversial environmental issues. By fracking unconventional oil and gas exploration will be environmental concerns are not unfounded. Even in the U.S., and its decades of the development process has been accompanied by environmental issues questioned.
On the one hand is the large-scale shale gas development may be able to make our energy to accelerate the pace of structural adjustment, on the other shale gas development process of the environmental damage caused by worries difficult to eliminate. Shale gas development on environmental issues seem to fall into a dilemma. But in the face of future energy problems, we do not stop there, but to develop reasonable and effective environmental protection system, effective guidance in the development of unconventional oil and gas companies, the greatest degree of protection of the environment.frac sand Therefore, the industry look forward to the early introduction of relevant environmental policies.
Policymakers need for policy makers to unconventional oil and gas-rich region has considerable understanding of geological conditions. But already for unconventional oil and gas geological data and very shallow, which will cause great environmental challenges, if not addressed delays in the development of the actual situation of environmental protection system, businesses will know what to do.
So for our purposes, the moment that "shale gas revolution" slogan whom seem premature, although the potential is huge, but the development of shale gas is still in the initial stages. Find out the unconventional oil and gas producing areas of geological conditions,ceramic ball access to detailed information is imperative. Shale gas is a better future requires a solid footprint, and improve environmental policy is perhaps an important step.
Shale gas development should be combined with the actual situation
U.S. unconventional oil and gas development in the field of the achievements to astound the world and longing, but in envy at the same time, we need to know its shale gas development is not achieved overnight. United States declared that "technological progress" through decades of exploitation of unconventional oil and gas continue to process the obtained experience, this experience is rooted in the United States unique geological conditions, well-developed systems, and active financial support to private landowners profit-driven and other factors, the applicability of this experience there is a huge difference with the United States and other countries?Fracturing proppant answer will not be so optimistic.
As U.S. shale gas development technology as deeply rooted in their national conditions, China's shale gas development will also take the "Chinese way", in addition to no other shortcuts. "Chinese way" is not blind yourself and work hard to take advantage of the North American shale gas revolution outcome was very necessary. Only the North American experience and the perfect unity of China's actual situation, China's shale gas development will be a breakthrough.
In fact many international energy giant has started shale gas market in our adventure. ConocoPhillips, BP, Shell, etc. have been in the country looking for partners to jointly develop shale gas resources in China want to take a slice of shale gas development.frac sand companies But if you want fulfilled, its projects in China will have a long learning process is beyond doubt.
Recently, the president of Shell China Haibo in the face of the media, said that Shell construction and operation of large and complex projects has a wealth of experience, part of the technology can be directly imported from North America. But more importantly, the Shell to explore how to make these techniques applicable to China's environment.
He said that Shell and PetroChina has set up a joint venture to design, manufacture and effective use of innovative construction well system, has achieved some success.
And has extensive experience in shale gas exploitation international energy giants, China's shale gas development companies in this field basically a blank for the first time only a few oil and gas enterprises to participate in the tender, while the second tender,ceramic ball the non-oil business such as power companies, private capital, and even with energy completely detached performance of real estate companies are enthusiastic, but the absence of core technology, wanted knowing where to start.
British Petroleum intends to invest $ 1 billion Alaska oilfield
Beijing on June 4 morning news, British Petroleum (BP) said on Monday that the company plans in the next five years to its Alaska North Slope oil field investment of 10 billion U.S. dollars,ceramic ball and will increase the oilfield drilling equipment sets.
British Petroleum, said last month approved the company's tax breaks, which is to promote its reason for this investment. Currently, BP is Prudhoe Bay in northern Alaska (Prudhoe Bay) oilfield operators, whose shareholders include Exxon Mobil (XOM) and ConocoPhillips (COP) and other oil giants. BP said the company will increase drilling equipment, upgrading of existing facilities, and will create 200 new Alaska jobs.
In the past period of time, the region's crude oil (93.17, -0.28, -0.30%) production has been declining. Alaska crude oil and natural gas company lowered its taxes, continue to press for a 35% rate of tax the profits of these companies, and also canceled a system,ceramic proppant in this system, crude oil prices rose when the company required to pay the tax will increase.
British Petroleum also added that other shareholders also supported the company in western Prudhoe Bay $ 3 billion additional investment, expand the new development work. Prudhoe Bay oil and gas production in the late 1980s, reached a peak, and then have been in decline. If the region's oil and gas production continues to decline, then the cross-Alaska oil pipeline will face the risk of being shut down.
Prudhoe Bay is the largest oil field, but oil and gas companies have been focusing on new opportunities, and focus its efforts in North Dakota and Texas and other areas to conduct business. In these areas, oil and gas companies can use fracking shale oil and shale gas . Alaska is America's fourth-largest oil-producing states, Oklahoma ranked sub-ah before, but after California.
Shale oil shale refers to the shale oil resources contained in the Department. Including pores and cracks in the shale oil, including mud shale lines or dense carbonate and clastic rocks adjacent layer sandwich of oil resources. Usually effective development approach to horizontal wells and staged fracturing technology. In the field of solid mineral oil is a synthetic oil shale, oil shale retorting is thermal decomposition of organic matter generated when a brownish, with special pungent odor, viscous liquid product.
Some critics have pointed out that the State of Alaska for oil and gas companies implement tax relief bill is a "free gift" will cause the state continues to face a deficit.Frac sand Critics also said that oil and gas companies have touted those items had been commenced.
British Petroleum, said last month approved the company's tax breaks, which is to promote its reason for this investment. Currently, BP is Prudhoe Bay in northern Alaska (Prudhoe Bay) oilfield operators, whose shareholders include Exxon Mobil (XOM) and ConocoPhillips (COP) and other oil giants. BP said the company will increase drilling equipment, upgrading of existing facilities, and will create 200 new Alaska jobs.
In the past period of time, the region's crude oil (93.17, -0.28, -0.30%) production has been declining. Alaska crude oil and natural gas company lowered its taxes, continue to press for a 35% rate of tax the profits of these companies, and also canceled a system,ceramic proppant in this system, crude oil prices rose when the company required to pay the tax will increase.
British Petroleum also added that other shareholders also supported the company in western Prudhoe Bay $ 3 billion additional investment, expand the new development work. Prudhoe Bay oil and gas production in the late 1980s, reached a peak, and then have been in decline. If the region's oil and gas production continues to decline, then the cross-Alaska oil pipeline will face the risk of being shut down.
Prudhoe Bay is the largest oil field, but oil and gas companies have been focusing on new opportunities, and focus its efforts in North Dakota and Texas and other areas to conduct business. In these areas, oil and gas companies can use fracking shale oil and shale gas . Alaska is America's fourth-largest oil-producing states, Oklahoma ranked sub-ah before, but after California.
Shale oil shale refers to the shale oil resources contained in the Department. Including pores and cracks in the shale oil, including mud shale lines or dense carbonate and clastic rocks adjacent layer sandwich of oil resources. Usually effective development approach to horizontal wells and staged fracturing technology. In the field of solid mineral oil is a synthetic oil shale, oil shale retorting is thermal decomposition of organic matter generated when a brownish, with special pungent odor, viscous liquid product.
Some critics have pointed out that the State of Alaska for oil and gas companies implement tax relief bill is a "free gift" will cause the state continues to face a deficit.Frac sand Critics also said that oil and gas companies have touted those items had been commenced.
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