31 years ago, George - Michelle (GeorgeMitchell) and his engineers Michel energy company, has been looking to extract natural gas from shale approach. Until 1998, 80-year-old Michelle in hydraulic fracturing technology has made a success for the U.S.
shale gas revolution laid the foundation.
Almost overnight, shale gas revolution sweeping the globe, the U.S. technology has been used around the world.
"But, both in the United States, or in the world, this is a controversial technology." Lifetime interview, Michelle was not confused. This technology is still a lot of questions left to the world:Unconventional gas it will consume a lot of water? It brings the U.S. "small earthquakes continue to"? Its cost is not too high? ......
Larger question that the U.S. shale gas revolution is in fact a hoax, a foreign expert in scientific journals issued a document that,fracturing proppant in the first year of operation, shale gas production declined by 60 percent to 90 percent.
Shale gas development is also considered face huge financial obstacles. "Drilling being destroyed at an alarming rate of capital, drilling company left a mountain of debt, while the decline has begun to wreak havoc in order to avoid disrupting descent rate income statement, the company had more drilling new wells, old wells yield decline. "" The New York Times "in 2011, a survey pointed out that the U.S. oil industry surface optimistic,Proppant but" in private but then shale gas skeptical. " "Shale gas bubble will collapse sooner or later." In this case, the U.S. export to China, "shale gas revolution" even considered to be the capital of the United States "conspiracy."
fracturing fluid
2013年9月8日星期日
Prospects for the development of shale gas analysis
Some time ago by the mad chase market funds
shale gas stocks recently collective cold, reportedly because of a lot of the company's controlling shareholder and senior big company stock holdings. September this year will mark the second time shale gas tender, the tender related stocks before the collective diving, will produce what kind of impact the tender? What are the prospects of the development of shale gas?
The United States is currently the world's most successful exploitation of shale gas in the country. Shale gas development largely reduce the U.S. dependence on imported oil and improve the structure of its energy supply. In 2009, the United States more than Russia became the world's largest producer of natural gas. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicts that by 2021 the United States will become a net exporter of natural gas. U.S.frac sand shale gas development led to the success of shale gas exploration worldwide attention.
America's success has made many other countries to follow suit. Russia announced that it will actively respond to the challenges U.S. shale gas development, Poland, Great Britain, Italy, Norway and China and so began to increase shale gas investment. China has rich shale gas resources, and begin to strengthen international cooperation to accelerate shale gas exploration and development.
China is in the urbanization, industrialization stage of development, in the last decade, natural gas consumption showed a double-digit growth, while China's energy supply sustainability and stability is experiencing a tremendous challenge. Faced with an increasingly daunting pressure to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, China's energy consumption reduction targets but also by the constraints (to 2020, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP than in 2005 dropped 40% - 45%). And now provides 70% of domestic energy consumption compared to coal, shale gas cleaner and fewer emissions. Therefore, the development of shale gas will not only help expand the scale of natural gas supply, but also to meet our future energy structure adjustment direction. With the rapid growth in demand for natural gas as well as the transition to low-carbon energy mix,Proppant the development of shale gas also seems to be an inevitable choice for China's energy industry.
At present, China's shale gas exploration and development technology is relatively weak. To achieve technological catch the short term, the relevant policy support is essential. The U.S. government on shale gas development and utilization of the implementation of tax incentives and give some subsidies. Relatively speaking, China's shale gas development and utilization of a lack of systemic support, including lack of proper strategic planning and supporting strategic planning support policy.Ceramic proppant This may cause the associated enterprises lack sufficient funds or of shale gas exploration and development without enthusiasm. In the appropriate government incentives, foreign shale gas development and utilization of the technology gap can be quickly reduced.
The United States is currently the world's most successful exploitation of shale gas in the country. Shale gas development largely reduce the U.S. dependence on imported oil and improve the structure of its energy supply. In 2009, the United States more than Russia became the world's largest producer of natural gas. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicts that by 2021 the United States will become a net exporter of natural gas. U.S.frac sand shale gas development led to the success of shale gas exploration worldwide attention.
America's success has made many other countries to follow suit. Russia announced that it will actively respond to the challenges U.S. shale gas development, Poland, Great Britain, Italy, Norway and China and so began to increase shale gas investment. China has rich shale gas resources, and begin to strengthen international cooperation to accelerate shale gas exploration and development.
China is in the urbanization, industrialization stage of development, in the last decade, natural gas consumption showed a double-digit growth, while China's energy supply sustainability and stability is experiencing a tremendous challenge. Faced with an increasingly daunting pressure to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, China's energy consumption reduction targets but also by the constraints (to 2020, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP than in 2005 dropped 40% - 45%). And now provides 70% of domestic energy consumption compared to coal, shale gas cleaner and fewer emissions. Therefore, the development of shale gas will not only help expand the scale of natural gas supply, but also to meet our future energy structure adjustment direction. With the rapid growth in demand for natural gas as well as the transition to low-carbon energy mix,Proppant the development of shale gas also seems to be an inevitable choice for China's energy industry.
At present, China's shale gas exploration and development technology is relatively weak. To achieve technological catch the short term, the relevant policy support is essential. The U.S. government on shale gas development and utilization of the implementation of tax incentives and give some subsidies. Relatively speaking, China's shale gas development and utilization of a lack of systemic support, including lack of proper strategic planning and supporting strategic planning support policy.Ceramic proppant This may cause the associated enterprises lack sufficient funds or of shale gas exploration and development without enthusiasm. In the appropriate government incentives, foreign shale gas development and utilization of the technology gap can be quickly reduced.
2013年9月6日星期五
The most important thing is the Asian energy security issues
Asia is the world's largest and most dynamic energy market , it therefore has a global responsibility .
Asia 's rapid economic growth to promote its huge energy consumer demand. However, due to the release into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide emissions in the coming decades may be doubled ,Hydraulic fracturing Asia 's high dependence on fossil fuels is likely to cause significant adverse environmental damage.
It is estimated that due to urbanization and there are more sources of energy , Asia's share of total global energy consumption, the proportion may be increased to one-third from the current 50% to 2035 . The Asian Development Bank said that under the current energy structure situation in Asia ,Proppant Asia 's oil consumption may rise double natural gas consumption may be increased by two , while coal consumption could rise by 80%.
Asian challenge is on the one hand and the need to allow for sustainable energy policies to promote the continuous development of the economy , on the other hand are available so that people can be cheap energy .
Solve these politically sensitive energy issues can be difficult, but as long as policy makers to show creativity and determination , these problems are not insurmountable . This also requires governments in the region between the concerted action .
Asia's new energy policy direction has been very clear , mainly related to three aspects .
The first is to use clean energy to replace fossil fuels, especially oil and coal . Shale gas is an option. China has the world's largest reserves of shale gas potential . If it can be successfully resolved hydraulic fracturing involves water and pollution problems , it can reduce the heavy use of coal .
Despite the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident , nuclear power is still economically viable solution. As long as the non-proliferation , waste management and security progress , Asia is likely to expand use of nuclear energy .
Should also pay more attention to local development of new green energy technologies or transfer of those technologies developed problems . From advanced technology solutions , including urbanization economies electricity storage and smart grid , until in poor agriculture-based countries, the basic energy off-grid power systems . Use of clean energy costs by introducing or expanding greenhouse gas emissions tax or carbon emissions trading mechanism to resolve.
The second key issue is energy subsidies . In some countries, due to government regulations tariff is lower than generation costs ,frac sand does not properly reflect energy costs, thus distorting the price structure , resulting in rapid growth in electricity demand .
It will not play a role in encouraging the efficient use of energy , especially in the power-hungry industries. Subsidized and affordable energy will not encourage investment in the electricity industry , because it would bring the power companies a heavy financial burden , and even cause their loss . As for the people to provide gasoline and other basic fuel subsidies , more severe deficits in some countries .
Reduce subsidies to reduce energy demand while helping to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In general, Asian countries should adopt market-based pricing policies to encourage energy efficiency and reduction of oil and other fossil fuels imports. In some cases , if a fuel subsidy is specifically targeted at the poor , in order to prevent social unrest or encourage technological breakthroughs , you can retain this subsidy.
As the world's proven oil imports accounted for only 9% of oil reserves , so the problem of oil imports is particularly important for Asia . However, according to current trends, oil imports are expected in the next 20 years will be increased by two , so that Asia is more vulnerable to external supply crisis.
Finally, it should be like in Europe, efforts to promote pan-Asian energy market integration, including under uniform regulations, standards and pricing policies will be national grid.
This is certainly a daunting task. Asia is not similar to the European Union as a political framework . Moreover , the Asian region is vast , diverse geographic features , from the mountains to the sea has been so with relatively compact compared to Europe , Asia energy cooperation to harder .
But with Asia continue to strengthen the construction of regional economic groupings , such as ASEAN and China in Northeast Asia , Japan and South Korea to establish a free trade area between energy policy coordination is likely to be carried out .
We hope that will be held in October in Daegu, South Korea at the World Energy Congress will also provide the region's energy ministers,unconventional gas CEOs and energy companies to provide an opportunity and a platform for researchers , as can be about how to overcome the Asian challenge their energy to make the discussion valuable contribution .
Asia 's rapid economic growth to promote its huge energy consumer demand. However, due to the release into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide emissions in the coming decades may be doubled ,Hydraulic fracturing Asia 's high dependence on fossil fuels is likely to cause significant adverse environmental damage.
It is estimated that due to urbanization and there are more sources of energy , Asia's share of total global energy consumption, the proportion may be increased to one-third from the current 50% to 2035 . The Asian Development Bank said that under the current energy structure situation in Asia ,Proppant Asia 's oil consumption may rise double natural gas consumption may be increased by two , while coal consumption could rise by 80%.
Asian challenge is on the one hand and the need to allow for sustainable energy policies to promote the continuous development of the economy , on the other hand are available so that people can be cheap energy .
Solve these politically sensitive energy issues can be difficult, but as long as policy makers to show creativity and determination , these problems are not insurmountable . This also requires governments in the region between the concerted action .
Asia's new energy policy direction has been very clear , mainly related to three aspects .
The first is to use clean energy to replace fossil fuels, especially oil and coal . Shale gas is an option. China has the world's largest reserves of shale gas potential . If it can be successfully resolved hydraulic fracturing involves water and pollution problems , it can reduce the heavy use of coal .
Despite the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident , nuclear power is still economically viable solution. As long as the non-proliferation , waste management and security progress , Asia is likely to expand use of nuclear energy .
Should also pay more attention to local development of new green energy technologies or transfer of those technologies developed problems . From advanced technology solutions , including urbanization economies electricity storage and smart grid , until in poor agriculture-based countries, the basic energy off-grid power systems . Use of clean energy costs by introducing or expanding greenhouse gas emissions tax or carbon emissions trading mechanism to resolve.
The second key issue is energy subsidies . In some countries, due to government regulations tariff is lower than generation costs ,frac sand does not properly reflect energy costs, thus distorting the price structure , resulting in rapid growth in electricity demand .
It will not play a role in encouraging the efficient use of energy , especially in the power-hungry industries. Subsidized and affordable energy will not encourage investment in the electricity industry , because it would bring the power companies a heavy financial burden , and even cause their loss . As for the people to provide gasoline and other basic fuel subsidies , more severe deficits in some countries .
Reduce subsidies to reduce energy demand while helping to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In general, Asian countries should adopt market-based pricing policies to encourage energy efficiency and reduction of oil and other fossil fuels imports. In some cases , if a fuel subsidy is specifically targeted at the poor , in order to prevent social unrest or encourage technological breakthroughs , you can retain this subsidy.
As the world's proven oil imports accounted for only 9% of oil reserves , so the problem of oil imports is particularly important for Asia . However, according to current trends, oil imports are expected in the next 20 years will be increased by two , so that Asia is more vulnerable to external supply crisis.
Finally, it should be like in Europe, efforts to promote pan-Asian energy market integration, including under uniform regulations, standards and pricing policies will be national grid.
This is certainly a daunting task. Asia is not similar to the European Union as a political framework . Moreover , the Asian region is vast , diverse geographic features , from the mountains to the sea has been so with relatively compact compared to Europe , Asia energy cooperation to harder .
But with Asia continue to strengthen the construction of regional economic groupings , such as ASEAN and China in Northeast Asia , Japan and South Korea to establish a free trade area between energy policy coordination is likely to be carried out .
We hope that will be held in October in Daegu, South Korea at the World Energy Congress will also provide the region's energy ministers,unconventional gas CEOs and energy companies to provide an opportunity and a platform for researchers , as can be about how to overcome the Asian challenge their energy to make the discussion valuable contribution .
Local conditions to achieve technological breakthroughs
Many industry insiders estimate that by 2030 China 's oil import dependency will reach 70% , which will draw on China's energy security a big question mark , then the recent shale gas heat could slow China 's dependence on foreign energy it ?
Shale gas heat has been sweeping across the land of China , but the controversy is also growing. shale gas in China to estimate the geographical environment , and its higher mining costs , profitability short term is not satisfactory. However, due to the massive increase in China's emerging middle class , the future demand for energy will increase significantly , will promote the development of shale gas industry . Medium and long term , shale gas will provide China with adequate energy .fracturing proppant In order to better exploit shale gas , China should learn from other countries based on the model , to further improve the domestic regulatory regime , especially on environmental issues .
Currently, shale gas has caused pollution problems in Europe and the United States has aroused strong controversy , to which China can not be ignored . Recently, the Chinese frequently purchased oil and gas assets in North America , especially on shale gas exploitation of oil and gas companies have the expertise , the rapid development of shale gas in China hopes the vision of course is good , but some of the problems that must be addressed.
Used in shale gas fracking , to be pumped into underground rock formations causing cracks in high-pressure liquid to harvest oil and gas . These high-pressure liquid is often mixed with sand and small amounts of chemicals high-pressure water . Because waste water , and there is a risk of groundwater pollution , shale gas exploitation in many countries has been questioned . In addition, the mining process requires horizontal drilling and 3D seismic exploration techniques require technical expertise and experience . Through the exploitation of perennial North American companies have accumulated a lot of experience , while the other rising star is even less experienced .
Massive shale gas proved changed the global energy landscape , such as the Gulf States , Russia and Venezuela and other traditional oil and gas exporting countries so affected, in addition , Poland, China and other shale gas Rookie right to change regional energy situation will also have an important driving effect. Australia has always been abundant reserves of shale gas exploration has also joined the army , and its sound infrastructure for the domestic shale gas escort, this change will further enhance Australia 's position in international energy map .
Because shale gas revolution, the so-called peak oil theory has ended, new technology brings new resources that will eventually reshape the geopolitical landscape . Although promising ,Proppant many countries also want to try Yueyue , but the challenge is not small. Existing reserves are not recoverable amount , according to local conditions to achieve technological breakthroughs , but also take some time.
Shale gas heat has been sweeping across the land of China , but the controversy is also growing. shale gas in China to estimate the geographical environment , and its higher mining costs , profitability short term is not satisfactory. However, due to the massive increase in China's emerging middle class , the future demand for energy will increase significantly , will promote the development of shale gas industry . Medium and long term , shale gas will provide China with adequate energy .fracturing proppant In order to better exploit shale gas , China should learn from other countries based on the model , to further improve the domestic regulatory regime , especially on environmental issues .
Currently, shale gas has caused pollution problems in Europe and the United States has aroused strong controversy , to which China can not be ignored . Recently, the Chinese frequently purchased oil and gas assets in North America , especially on shale gas exploitation of oil and gas companies have the expertise , the rapid development of shale gas in China hopes the vision of course is good , but some of the problems that must be addressed.
Used in shale gas fracking , to be pumped into underground rock formations causing cracks in high-pressure liquid to harvest oil and gas . These high-pressure liquid is often mixed with sand and small amounts of chemicals high-pressure water . Because waste water , and there is a risk of groundwater pollution , shale gas exploitation in many countries has been questioned . In addition, the mining process requires horizontal drilling and 3D seismic exploration techniques require technical expertise and experience . Through the exploitation of perennial North American companies have accumulated a lot of experience , while the other rising star is even less experienced .
Massive shale gas proved changed the global energy landscape , such as the Gulf States , Russia and Venezuela and other traditional oil and gas exporting countries so affected, in addition , Poland, China and other shale gas Rookie right to change regional energy situation will also have an important driving effect. Australia has always been abundant reserves of shale gas exploration has also joined the army , and its sound infrastructure for the domestic shale gas escort, this change will further enhance Australia 's position in international energy map .
Because shale gas revolution, the so-called peak oil theory has ended, new technology brings new resources that will eventually reshape the geopolitical landscape . Although promising ,Proppant many countries also want to try Yueyue , but the challenge is not small. Existing reserves are not recoverable amount , according to local conditions to achieve technological breakthroughs , but also take some time.
2013年8月30日星期五
Tight oil production growth can not be sustained
Dense oil situation is very similar. Two shale oil production up 81% of the nation's tight oil - South Texas Eagle Ford, as well as North Dakota and Montana Bakken.Fracturing proppant These two areas are in the new year well production dropped by about 60% after the second year of production only lasted less than 40% in the third year is less than 30% and continued to fall. Comprehensive old production wells, the whole field is the annual rate of decline of about 40%.
These fields can be used to maximum capacity depends on the maximum number of wells drilled.frac sand companies Can not be separated between wells too close, because it will draw on a reservoir with the reserves, increase costs, but can not increase the amount recoverable. EIA estimates Bakken and Eagle Ford oil can withstand the number of wells, almost three times the number of existing wells, or about 12,000 per oil wells.
Suppose now Bakken annual rate of drilling 1500 wells is maintained, it is expected to yield may rise to 100 million barrels / day. However, based on the Bakken EIA estimated the maximum number of drilling locations, production peaked in 2017.Proppant By then, can be used to drill additional wells will be exhausted, followed by attenuation of 40% annual yield. I do not agree with those who believe that Bakken production will be for many years to maintain a high level of view, this situation required number of wells, the number of more than meet the requirements of thousands of mouth.
These fields can be used to maximum capacity depends on the maximum number of wells drilled.frac sand companies Can not be separated between wells too close, because it will draw on a reservoir with the reserves, increase costs, but can not increase the amount recoverable. EIA estimates Bakken and Eagle Ford oil can withstand the number of wells, almost three times the number of existing wells, or about 12,000 per oil wells.
Suppose now Bakken annual rate of drilling 1500 wells is maintained, it is expected to yield may rise to 100 million barrels / day. However, based on the Bakken EIA estimated the maximum number of drilling locations, production peaked in 2017.Proppant By then, can be used to drill additional wells will be exhausted, followed by attenuation of 40% annual yield. I do not agree with those who believe that Bakken production will be for many years to maintain a high level of view, this situation required number of wells, the number of more than meet the requirements of thousands of mouth.
Shift to saving society
Currently, many discussions have focused on in the end what kind of alternative energy sources should be developed,Hydraulic fracturing as well as in the end should be extended to what proportion of alternative energy. In fact, the more important question is, how to use energy. Must be developed to meet basic human needs, while consuming less energy strategy. In the real energy shortages before the start, it is necessary to take early measures of protection.
About the food system, an understanding that will lead to low energy input of labor increases. Therefore, this change can bring jobs to millions of farmers. In addition, a significant reduction in agricultural production must be adapted to nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides used, because these chemicals are due to fossil fuel prices become expensive.
Transportation system must adapt to mobility generally lower, and is committed to improve energy efficiency.Proppant In the future society, it is possible to rely on walking and cycling, while vigorously promoting the development of electric cars and rail and other public transport.
Reduced mobility need urban design and land use policy changes. Urban communities to be more independent, the city shall be able to provide the adjacent suburbs of agricultural products; roof-mounted solar water heating systems using solar cookers are widely respected.
Solar and wind will produce intermittent electricity. We must build a good power storage system to resolve intermittent problems. Reconfigure the grid and distributed power generation model will solve the problem of intermittent power strategy.
In short, it will be a continuous growth from the transition to a conservation-minded society historical stage. With the control of human energy less and less, may not operate a consumer society.
But suppose this analysis is wrong, there is a miracle of new technologies, or energy ultimately proved to be rich is not scarce, but even so, the amount of energy use will lead to increased consumption of large quantities of natural resources,fracturing proppant resulting in wild nature system damage. The transition to conservation-oriented society conducive human society, and it helps the natural environment.
About the food system, an understanding that will lead to low energy input of labor increases. Therefore, this change can bring jobs to millions of farmers. In addition, a significant reduction in agricultural production must be adapted to nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides used, because these chemicals are due to fossil fuel prices become expensive.
Transportation system must adapt to mobility generally lower, and is committed to improve energy efficiency.Proppant In the future society, it is possible to rely on walking and cycling, while vigorously promoting the development of electric cars and rail and other public transport.
Reduced mobility need urban design and land use policy changes. Urban communities to be more independent, the city shall be able to provide the adjacent suburbs of agricultural products; roof-mounted solar water heating systems using solar cookers are widely respected.
Solar and wind will produce intermittent electricity. We must build a good power storage system to resolve intermittent problems. Reconfigure the grid and distributed power generation model will solve the problem of intermittent power strategy.
In short, it will be a continuous growth from the transition to a conservation-minded society historical stage. With the control of human energy less and less, may not operate a consumer society.
But suppose this analysis is wrong, there is a miracle of new technologies, or energy ultimately proved to be rich is not scarce, but even so, the amount of energy use will lead to increased consumption of large quantities of natural resources,fracturing proppant resulting in wild nature system damage. The transition to conservation-oriented society conducive human society, and it helps the natural environment.
2013年8月29日星期四
"Super America" behind the structural changes in the international energy
With China's sustained economic development, China's dependence on imported oil for the increasingly high. From December 2012, China's average daily oil imports reached 612 million barrels, while the U.S. average daily volume of imports was only 598 million barrels a level, which is China's first monthly oil imports than the United States. However,frac sand China's oil imports "super beauty" structural changes in the international energy behind it are the background of this layer. In fact, as the U.S. shale gas development on traditional energy substitution effect gradually, U.S. dependence on imported oil will be reduced accordingly.
Although the United States in early 2013, oil imports have overtake China, at this stage can not say China will soon overtake the United States to become the world's biggest oil-importing countries, but the long-term perspective, China's imports of oil trade with the "super-beauty" possibilities. In 2012, the United States purchased from abroad, the total value of crude oil and oil products has dropped to a minimum of 20 years for the average daily volume of imports of 714 million barrels per day. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration forecasts, in 2014 the United States, including crude oil and petroleum products, including average daily net imports will be reduced to 600 million barrels, the lowest level since 1987, Proppant less than half the highest level in history. The same period, China's net imports of crude oil will average 572 million barrels per day, the United States is likely to form a "rear-end." By 2020, China's oil shortfall of 250 to 430 million tons. Since China does not have the massive expansion of oil production capacity to 2020, China's oil imports are likely to cross 300 million tons. If you follow this trend continues, China's oil import real "trend" rather than "temporary" to replace the United States should be a high probability event.
U.S. imports of oil trade position change behind shale gas revolution, and shale gas revolution for the world's energy structure is profound.
On the one hand, shale gas revolution to the world's energy is reflected in the structure of the internal natural gas resources on species composition. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration statistics, in 2007, shale gas in the U.S. natural gas production in the proportion was only 8.1%, and by 2011, this proportion rose to 29.8%.
On the other hand, shale gas revolution, the impact on the world energy mix is reflected in the change in the overall structure. From the International Monetary Fund released statistics difficult to see that in 2008, the U.S. market price per 1,000 cubic meters of natural gas per barrel of West Texas crude oil over the same period the parity of 3.202, while in 2012 it dropped to 1.097. Parity between different energy sources will produce changes in the allocation of resources to follow up the effect, help to improve the efficient and clean energy in the world energy mix proportion.
Shale gas revolution, in addition to improving the energy structure of the world play a catalytic role,fracturing proppant it will inevitably bring "friendly fire" effect. From the development of biofuels in terms of shale gas revolution will increase in large uncertainties in the development of bio-energy, alternative to traditional energy sources are not excluded from the process, the shale gas for bio-energy, it has a certain cost. " intercept "advantage, resulting in non-renewable energy renewable energy reverse exclusion.
In addition to oil and gas resources, in recent years, China's coal import dependence is also rising. Whether increased imports of oil or coal, are inseparable from China directly stimulating economic growth, but also inseparable from the U.S. shale gas revolution brought indirectly with the external environment.Unconventional gas Shale gas revolution, which reduces American dependence on foreign oil, the objective is to promote U.S. oil imports will eventually be the "first" position "so that" to China.
Although the United States in early 2013, oil imports have overtake China, at this stage can not say China will soon overtake the United States to become the world's biggest oil-importing countries, but the long-term perspective, China's imports of oil trade with the "super-beauty" possibilities. In 2012, the United States purchased from abroad, the total value of crude oil and oil products has dropped to a minimum of 20 years for the average daily volume of imports of 714 million barrels per day. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration forecasts, in 2014 the United States, including crude oil and petroleum products, including average daily net imports will be reduced to 600 million barrels, the lowest level since 1987, Proppant less than half the highest level in history. The same period, China's net imports of crude oil will average 572 million barrels per day, the United States is likely to form a "rear-end." By 2020, China's oil shortfall of 250 to 430 million tons. Since China does not have the massive expansion of oil production capacity to 2020, China's oil imports are likely to cross 300 million tons. If you follow this trend continues, China's oil import real "trend" rather than "temporary" to replace the United States should be a high probability event.
U.S. imports of oil trade position change behind shale gas revolution, and shale gas revolution for the world's energy structure is profound.
On the one hand, shale gas revolution to the world's energy is reflected in the structure of the internal natural gas resources on species composition. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration statistics, in 2007, shale gas in the U.S. natural gas production in the proportion was only 8.1%, and by 2011, this proportion rose to 29.8%.
On the other hand, shale gas revolution, the impact on the world energy mix is reflected in the change in the overall structure. From the International Monetary Fund released statistics difficult to see that in 2008, the U.S. market price per 1,000 cubic meters of natural gas per barrel of West Texas crude oil over the same period the parity of 3.202, while in 2012 it dropped to 1.097. Parity between different energy sources will produce changes in the allocation of resources to follow up the effect, help to improve the efficient and clean energy in the world energy mix proportion.
Shale gas revolution, in addition to improving the energy structure of the world play a catalytic role,fracturing proppant it will inevitably bring "friendly fire" effect. From the development of biofuels in terms of shale gas revolution will increase in large uncertainties in the development of bio-energy, alternative to traditional energy sources are not excluded from the process, the shale gas for bio-energy, it has a certain cost. " intercept "advantage, resulting in non-renewable energy renewable energy reverse exclusion.
In addition to oil and gas resources, in recent years, China's coal import dependence is also rising. Whether increased imports of oil or coal, are inseparable from China directly stimulating economic growth, but also inseparable from the U.S. shale gas revolution brought indirectly with the external environment.Unconventional gas Shale gas revolution, which reduces American dependence on foreign oil, the objective is to promote U.S. oil imports will eventually be the "first" position "so that" to China.
2013年8月28日星期三
The decline in oil prices depends on the rate of decline in mining costs.
The reason why harder than gas oil from shale mined because it is denser and more does not easily flow.Hydraulic fracturing In addition, although these storage are used horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology (shale gas boom rely on these technologies) mined, but shale oil (or more broader category of the "tight oil" (tight oil)) mining costs, may be the most easy to exploit the Middle East crude oil extraction costs more than 20 times.
As long as oil prices near $ 100 a barrel, the U.S. shale oil production profit margins are still very impressive. U.S. independent oil prices Continental Resources Inc.Proppant (Continental Resources) is America's new oil boom hotspots - North Dakota Bakken Shale (Bakken Shale) of the major oil producers. The company said last year that the total cost of a barrel of oil equivalent (including production taxes, depreciation and loss account) of only $ 35. In 2012, the company increased production by 58%, profit growth of 72%.
Many small U.S. oil company situation is similar. Overall, U.S. crude oil production increased by nearly 50 percent so, 500 million barrels per day from 2008 lows in February this year rose to 720 million barrels per day.
Petroleum industry is expected that this growth will continue. For example, Continental Resources Inc.frac sand on the development of production growth to 2017, twice the target.
Statoil (Statoil) is the only one in the Bakken shale has considerable business of international oil companies. The company has developed to the late 2010s when the North American production increased more than twice the target, that is, from today, about 15 million barrels of oil equivalent per day increased to 500,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day, and that the shale oil and shale gas contribution to production or 300,000 barrels a day of oil equivalent or more.
However, the company's vice president of U.S. onshore oil Thor Stein? Horace (Torstein Hole) warned that the expected increase in oil prices has a critical influence.hydraulic fracturing He said: "Our ability to achieve its objectives depends on the market and the production level of profitability."
As long as oil prices near $ 100 a barrel, the U.S. shale oil production profit margins are still very impressive. U.S. independent oil prices Continental Resources Inc.Proppant (Continental Resources) is America's new oil boom hotspots - North Dakota Bakken Shale (Bakken Shale) of the major oil producers. The company said last year that the total cost of a barrel of oil equivalent (including production taxes, depreciation and loss account) of only $ 35. In 2012, the company increased production by 58%, profit growth of 72%.
Many small U.S. oil company situation is similar. Overall, U.S. crude oil production increased by nearly 50 percent so, 500 million barrels per day from 2008 lows in February this year rose to 720 million barrels per day.
Petroleum industry is expected that this growth will continue. For example, Continental Resources Inc.frac sand on the development of production growth to 2017, twice the target.
Statoil (Statoil) is the only one in the Bakken shale has considerable business of international oil companies. The company has developed to the late 2010s when the North American production increased more than twice the target, that is, from today, about 15 million barrels of oil equivalent per day increased to 500,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day, and that the shale oil and shale gas contribution to production or 300,000 barrels a day of oil equivalent or more.
However, the company's vice president of U.S. onshore oil Thor Stein? Horace (Torstein Hole) warned that the expected increase in oil prices has a critical influence.hydraulic fracturing He said: "Our ability to achieve its objectives depends on the market and the production level of profitability."
2013年8月27日星期二
Shale gas revolution in the energy infrastructure sector activate America
shale gas technology advances make the United States to become the world leader in the field of energy production is one of many large energy companies continue to increase in shale gas exploration and production areas of investment, making the United States energy infrastructure sector performance active. Over the past month, Chicago Bridge Iron and Steel Company's shares soared 20 percent,frac sand companies the U.S. leader in the field of energy infrastructure has become a "stock god" Buffett's favorite.
Analysts believe that the emergence of new drilling techniques to promote the U.S. natural gas output, but also to promote transportation and storage of natural gas companies to expand investment in infrastructure for gas liquefaction and storage, Proppant infrastructure engineering and construction spending growth so that benefit businesses. Estimated U.S. energy infrastructure needs $ 250 billion to $ 350 billion investment, the industry average annual growth rate will reach 8%.
Analysts believe that the emergence of new drilling techniques to promote the U.S. natural gas output, but also to promote transportation and storage of natural gas companies to expand investment in infrastructure for gas liquefaction and storage, Proppant infrastructure engineering and construction spending growth so that benefit businesses. Estimated U.S. energy infrastructure needs $ 250 billion to $ 350 billion investment, the industry average annual growth rate will reach 8%.
U.S. imports of LNG competing with India
Although the U.S. government was cautious because of LNG exports slow progress, but that does not hinder the buyer's enthusiasm. U.S. natural gas continued to face high yield and good export prospects,unconventional gas many countries have the same contention LNG import contract signed by the United States, despite the large-scale exports to the United States exactly when LNG is still unknown.
Japan is one of the most active countries. Back in March of this year, Japan has the resources and support of its new strategy, said since 2016, and strive to expand imports from the U.S. LNG. Recently, Japan's three companies Mitsui, Mitsubishi and Nippon Yusen announced that it will build LNG production bases in the United States, Japan, aims to stabilize supply LNG.
It is reported that three companies and to participate in its Sempr Cameron LNG export project reached an agreement,fracturing proppant the three companies this will be a total investment 100 billion yen. The project is expected to provide 8 million tons per year for the Japanese LNG, accounting for about 10% of domestic demand in Japan. Mitsui and Mitsubishi said it plans to purchase LNG from Cameron sold to Tokyo Electric and other Japanese and Asian power and gas companies.
India has just passed the approval of the project showed great interest in Freeport. India has not signed a free trade agreement with the United States, while the Freeport project is for India to see through to import more U.S. LNG hope.
India's largest LNG importer Petronet LNG Corp.Proppant said a few days ago and the company is headquartered in Houston, United States United LNG has signed a conditional preliminary agreement under which the company in 20 years, United LNG annually from U.S. companies import about 4 million tons LNG.
Indian Ambassador Nirupama Rao said that the United States and India's future LNG trade cooperation will be further strengthened. He stressed that the U.S. LNG exports to India will be a win-win cooperation. "India is a large gap in demand for natural gas, with an estimated 2.2 trillion cubic feet per year by 2016 this gap may reach 4 trillion cubic feet in 2030 reached 800 million cubic feet, while for India, the United States regardless of LNG quantity and price terms are attractive. "
Japan is one of the most active countries. Back in March of this year, Japan has the resources and support of its new strategy, said since 2016, and strive to expand imports from the U.S. LNG. Recently, Japan's three companies Mitsui, Mitsubishi and Nippon Yusen announced that it will build LNG production bases in the United States, Japan, aims to stabilize supply LNG.
It is reported that three companies and to participate in its Sempr Cameron LNG export project reached an agreement,fracturing proppant the three companies this will be a total investment 100 billion yen. The project is expected to provide 8 million tons per year for the Japanese LNG, accounting for about 10% of domestic demand in Japan. Mitsui and Mitsubishi said it plans to purchase LNG from Cameron sold to Tokyo Electric and other Japanese and Asian power and gas companies.
India has just passed the approval of the project showed great interest in Freeport. India has not signed a free trade agreement with the United States, while the Freeport project is for India to see through to import more U.S. LNG hope.
India's largest LNG importer Petronet LNG Corp.Proppant said a few days ago and the company is headquartered in Houston, United States United LNG has signed a conditional preliminary agreement under which the company in 20 years, United LNG annually from U.S. companies import about 4 million tons LNG.
Indian Ambassador Nirupama Rao said that the United States and India's future LNG trade cooperation will be further strengthened. He stressed that the U.S. LNG exports to India will be a win-win cooperation. "India is a large gap in demand for natural gas, with an estimated 2.2 trillion cubic feet per year by 2016 this gap may reach 4 trillion cubic feet in 2030 reached 800 million cubic feet, while for India, the United States regardless of LNG quantity and price terms are attractive. "
2013年8月23日星期五
Exploration and development are at an early stage
Conditions of shale gas resource base has its own characteristics, exploration and development at an early stage,Fracturing proppant technology is not mature enough. First, China's shale gas geological formation later in the United States, shale gas reservoirs and shale gas reservoirs in the United States compared to a huge difference in the overall high degree of thermal evolution of organic matter, burial depth is large, such as the U.S. shale gas burial depth of 200 meters to more than 2000 meters, while China Sichuan Basin shale gas burial depth of 1,500 meters to more than 4000 m; Guizhou, Chongqing, Hunan and other places shale thin and often multi-layered rendering together, different levels of partial visible deterioration; shale gas between different regions is difficult to compare between wells references, analogies,ceramic ball even layer more difficult.
Second, China's shale gas resource exploration and development started late, still in its infancy stage. MLR 2005 began preliminary research, there has been no domestic shale gas resource potential and favorable zones for system evaluation and technical pilot test. Third,frac sand companies technological progress is to promote the commercial development of shale gas key factors, while China's shale gas development technology is not mature, critical technologies have not yet achieved a real breakthrough, shale gas development related technologies need to overcome. At present, China's shale gas geological knowledge and engineering techniques is not mature, core analysis, logging and interpretation of reservoir evaluation, and composite oil-based mud, drillable bridge plug, micro seismic monitoring,Proppant etc. Drilling and Completion techniques and tools need to be improved and perfected.
Second, China's shale gas resource exploration and development started late, still in its infancy stage. MLR 2005 began preliminary research, there has been no domestic shale gas resource potential and favorable zones for system evaluation and technical pilot test. Third,frac sand companies technological progress is to promote the commercial development of shale gas key factors, while China's shale gas development technology is not mature, critical technologies have not yet achieved a real breakthrough, shale gas development related technologies need to overcome. At present, China's shale gas geological knowledge and engineering techniques is not mature, core analysis, logging and interpretation of reservoir evaluation, and composite oil-based mud, drillable bridge plug, micro seismic monitoring,Proppant etc. Drilling and Completion techniques and tools need to be improved and perfected.
The impact of shale gas solar, wind
In the United States, not only affects the development of gas-fired generation to coal-fired power generation,ceramic proppant but also for renewable energy - especially wind and solar power that intermittent renewable energy - produce complex effects.
When gas prices at $ 3 / mmbtu, the American conventional gas-fired power plant generating cost is $ 71.5 / MWh (without government subsidies). In contrast, the cost of solar PV range is 111 to 181 U.S. $ / MWh. Even if gas prices increase to $ 6 / mmbtu, a conventional gas-fired power plant cost $ 103.5 / mmbtu, still lower than the cost of photovoltaic power.
Wind facing the same challenges. No subsidies for new wind power projects generating cost 60 to $ 90 / MWh between. In the $ 3 / mmbtu natural gas prices, the new CCGT gas power generation cost of $ 52.1 / MWh. When gas prices rose to $ 5 / mmbtu when the cost of electricity will rise to $ 66.1 / MWh, unsubsidized wind power is still more difficult to compete with gas-fired generation.
Although the long term, the U.S. natural gas prices can not maintain the current low prices, the increase in gas-fired plants will obviously increase the demand for natural gas. But the massive U.S. shale gas reserves inhibit the rapid rise in gas prices, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts until 2020 U.S.frac sand natural gas prices will rise to $ 5 / mmbtu, and some more will this energy research institutions date to 2030.
Meanwhile, the U.S. federal government's financial support for clean energy has grown from $ 44.3 billion in 2009, down to the 2011 peak of $ 30.7 billion, is expected in 2014 will be only $ 11 billion. Lack of additional financial support, the individual wind power and photovoltaic power generation projects are difficult to profit, investor enthusiasm for renewable energy is more likely to turn to gas-fired generation.
On a technical level, gas generation or wind power, solar photovoltaic power generation and other intermittent renewable energy sources and efficient complementary tool. On wind power, its main problem facing in its unpredictability, since the size of the wind changing, the output power of the wind turbine will not be stable at a level,Proppant so it is difficult for wind power grid to provide steady electricity. The CCGT start fast, fast unit within 10 minutes to complete the start, stop and only takes a few minutes. A steam turbine driven generator will slower contrast, generally requires 8 to 48 hours, cooled, it can take a day or two. In the power boost speed, CCGT, the average power increase of 15 to 25 MW / minute, old only 3 MW steam turbine / min. So when there is no wind condition, wind turbines can not provide enough power, the turbine can quickly start to play the role of stabilizing the output power. Supporting the construction of a wind power plant in CCGT generating units, is also becoming a new renewable energy business models.
When gas prices at $ 3 / mmbtu, the American conventional gas-fired power plant generating cost is $ 71.5 / MWh (without government subsidies). In contrast, the cost of solar PV range is 111 to 181 U.S. $ / MWh. Even if gas prices increase to $ 6 / mmbtu, a conventional gas-fired power plant cost $ 103.5 / mmbtu, still lower than the cost of photovoltaic power.
Wind facing the same challenges. No subsidies for new wind power projects generating cost 60 to $ 90 / MWh between. In the $ 3 / mmbtu natural gas prices, the new CCGT gas power generation cost of $ 52.1 / MWh. When gas prices rose to $ 5 / mmbtu when the cost of electricity will rise to $ 66.1 / MWh, unsubsidized wind power is still more difficult to compete with gas-fired generation.
Although the long term, the U.S. natural gas prices can not maintain the current low prices, the increase in gas-fired plants will obviously increase the demand for natural gas. But the massive U.S. shale gas reserves inhibit the rapid rise in gas prices, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts until 2020 U.S.frac sand natural gas prices will rise to $ 5 / mmbtu, and some more will this energy research institutions date to 2030.
Meanwhile, the U.S. federal government's financial support for clean energy has grown from $ 44.3 billion in 2009, down to the 2011 peak of $ 30.7 billion, is expected in 2014 will be only $ 11 billion. Lack of additional financial support, the individual wind power and photovoltaic power generation projects are difficult to profit, investor enthusiasm for renewable energy is more likely to turn to gas-fired generation.
On a technical level, gas generation or wind power, solar photovoltaic power generation and other intermittent renewable energy sources and efficient complementary tool. On wind power, its main problem facing in its unpredictability, since the size of the wind changing, the output power of the wind turbine will not be stable at a level,Proppant so it is difficult for wind power grid to provide steady electricity. The CCGT start fast, fast unit within 10 minutes to complete the start, stop and only takes a few minutes. A steam turbine driven generator will slower contrast, generally requires 8 to 48 hours, cooled, it can take a day or two. In the power boost speed, CCGT, the average power increase of 15 to 25 MW / minute, old only 3 MW steam turbine / min. So when there is no wind condition, wind turbines can not provide enough power, the turbine can quickly start to play the role of stabilizing the output power. Supporting the construction of a wind power plant in CCGT generating units, is also becoming a new renewable energy business models.
With shale gas technology continues to progress, the U.S. natural gas production is increasing.
In the past 10 years, natural gas and power industries become increasingly interdependent. From 2001 to 2011,
Frac sand total U.S. gas-fired generating capacity ratio jumped from 17.1% to 24.7% over the same period the power sector demand for natural gas from 150 billion cubic meters to 215.3 billion cubic meters. International Energy Agency (IEA) 2012 interim report shows that the market for natural gas, to the 2017 U.S. natural gas demand will increase by 90 billion cubic meters, of which 3/4 will come from the power sector.
2011 American Gas generation capacity is also the first time in history more than 1000TWh (TWh: TWh), reaching 1014TWh, an increase over the previous year 29TWh. In March 2012 accounted for more than gas-fired power generation has reached 35%, is expected in 2012 year this figure will reach 30% of the average.
With gas-fired generation compared to those in the United States the proportion of coal-fired generation continues to decline.Proppant If you start from shale gas production increased significantly in 2006 calculations, by 2011 the U.S. gas-fired generation increased by 200TWh, while coal decreased 256TWh. Meanwhile, the U.S. coal demand in 2012 is expected to be down 5% to 884 million tons, which is the lowest since 1995 level.
As the United States imposed the more stringent greenhouse gas management, the development of coal-fired generation in the United States has suffered more from the prospect of policy challenges. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced in December 2011 mercury and air pollutants standards, a number of coal-fired power plants can not meet the requirements will have to be decommissioned. In the March 27, 2012, the U.S. government issued its first-ever limit new power plant greenhouse gas emissions regulations. Gas-fired power plants to meet acceptable standards of greenhouse gas emissions, but you need to add more coal-fired power plant carbon capture device to pass approval.
Now, the U.S. eastern grid (Eastern Interconnect) there are more than 100 coal-fired power plant decommissioning plan announced, some power plants will be completed in the next two years retired, more plant decommissioning was placed in 2014 ~ 2015. Of which 80% are in service in more than 40 years, the installed capacity of 400 megawatts of coal-fired power plants.
More coal-fired plant decommissioning,frac sand companies compared to gas-fired power generation - especially the new combined cycle gas turbine power plant (CCGT) power market in the United States provide a new growth. Equipped with new gas-fired CCGT power plants than coal-fired power plant construction costs lower, the construction period is also shorter. Under the same conditions, building a CCGT plant was two years, and construction of a coal-fired power plants of the time you will need four years. And because the carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of natural gas from coal combustion is less than 50% by gas-fired plants replace coal-fired plants are the lowest cost of reducing carbon emissions, but also the most rapid method.
According to the International Gas Union (IGU) estimates, if the 2035 retired coal-fired power plants are replaced by gas-fired power plants, global carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 21%.
However, the gas-fired power generation on alternative will not be completed overnight. In the next period of time, coal is still the main source of U.S. electricity supply. In 2011, despite the coal-fired generating capacity is already below the level of the previous 2000TWh only 1734TWh, but still higher than 70% of natural gas generating capacity.
Here for many reasons, the geographical distribution of resources is one of them: in some places the cost of coal-fired generation is much less than the cost of gas-fired generation, such as in Wyoming Powder River Basin coal district (Powder River Basin), its 2011 coal price is $ 0.75 / mmbtu, while the local gas price is $ 5.5 / mmbtu. Meanwhile, the distribution of natural gas pipeline network, different skill levels of plant efficiency differences between coal producers and power plant contracts and other factors also limit the rapid expansion of gas-fired generation.
2011 American Gas generation capacity is also the first time in history more than 1000TWh (TWh: TWh), reaching 1014TWh, an increase over the previous year 29TWh. In March 2012 accounted for more than gas-fired power generation has reached 35%, is expected in 2012 year this figure will reach 30% of the average.
With gas-fired generation compared to those in the United States the proportion of coal-fired generation continues to decline.Proppant If you start from shale gas production increased significantly in 2006 calculations, by 2011 the U.S. gas-fired generation increased by 200TWh, while coal decreased 256TWh. Meanwhile, the U.S. coal demand in 2012 is expected to be down 5% to 884 million tons, which is the lowest since 1995 level.
As the United States imposed the more stringent greenhouse gas management, the development of coal-fired generation in the United States has suffered more from the prospect of policy challenges. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced in December 2011 mercury and air pollutants standards, a number of coal-fired power plants can not meet the requirements will have to be decommissioned. In the March 27, 2012, the U.S. government issued its first-ever limit new power plant greenhouse gas emissions regulations. Gas-fired power plants to meet acceptable standards of greenhouse gas emissions, but you need to add more coal-fired power plant carbon capture device to pass approval.
Now, the U.S. eastern grid (Eastern Interconnect) there are more than 100 coal-fired power plant decommissioning plan announced, some power plants will be completed in the next two years retired, more plant decommissioning was placed in 2014 ~ 2015. Of which 80% are in service in more than 40 years, the installed capacity of 400 megawatts of coal-fired power plants.
More coal-fired plant decommissioning,frac sand companies compared to gas-fired power generation - especially the new combined cycle gas turbine power plant (CCGT) power market in the United States provide a new growth. Equipped with new gas-fired CCGT power plants than coal-fired power plant construction costs lower, the construction period is also shorter. Under the same conditions, building a CCGT plant was two years, and construction of a coal-fired power plants of the time you will need four years. And because the carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of natural gas from coal combustion is less than 50% by gas-fired plants replace coal-fired plants are the lowest cost of reducing carbon emissions, but also the most rapid method.
According to the International Gas Union (IGU) estimates, if the 2035 retired coal-fired power plants are replaced by gas-fired power plants, global carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 21%.
However, the gas-fired power generation on alternative will not be completed overnight. In the next period of time, coal is still the main source of U.S. electricity supply. In 2011, despite the coal-fired generating capacity is already below the level of the previous 2000TWh only 1734TWh, but still higher than 70% of natural gas generating capacity.
Here for many reasons, the geographical distribution of resources is one of them: in some places the cost of coal-fired generation is much less than the cost of gas-fired generation, such as in Wyoming Powder River Basin coal district (Powder River Basin), its 2011 coal price is $ 0.75 / mmbtu, while the local gas price is $ 5.5 / mmbtu. Meanwhile, the distribution of natural gas pipeline network, different skill levels of plant efficiency differences between coal producers and power plant contracts and other factors also limit the rapid expansion of gas-fired generation.
2013年8月22日星期四
Technological innovation essential for shale revolution
Shale Gas Revolution and many times since the 20th century, major technological advances that changed the world all have the same or similar pattern: technological innovation and business model innovation to attract a lot of money, innovation and interaction of the capital will soon be emerging industries to the extreme and the formation of bubbles. Investors inevitably grad, has earned pours,Fracturing proppant but also did not lose the pants also. Major new industries to promote social progress and has a huge role in the whole world thus benefiting the whole human race.
Needless to say, technological innovation, the country's revenue is greatest. This is why all countries agree that innovation is the national and social development in the area.
I do not think shale gas revolution is a hoax, but do not agree with is the field of shale gas revolution "conspiracy." The last century, the IT revolution has profoundly changed society, but also continue to change. Recall how many famous IT companies in this process is gone, many investors go bankrupt due to various reasons, but the benefit of society as a whole, has improved.
Modern social capital is not a panacea, but there will be no capital to promote industrial revolution. U.S. shale gas revolution is difficult to be replicated in other countries, but the combination of innovation and capital mode of interaction is of universal significance.Proppant China tens of billions of funds into U.S. shale gas business, he explains China's capital has the same profit-driven, the other hand shows the upstream oil and gas business in the U.S. capital inflows and outflows in convenience. In contrast, the Chinese oil and gas upstream business, whether profit-driven nature of capital or liquidity constraints are also considerable.
Unconventional oil and gas on the significance of China's economic development can not be overemphasized how. The technique used to add their own practice to master KNOWHOW difficult,ceramic proppant innovative business models and attracting large-scale entry of global capital is still our system bottleneck. Only further deepen reform and institutional innovation can we dare possible to achieve China's shale gas revolution.
Needless to say, technological innovation, the country's revenue is greatest. This is why all countries agree that innovation is the national and social development in the area.
I do not think shale gas revolution is a hoax, but do not agree with is the field of shale gas revolution "conspiracy." The last century, the IT revolution has profoundly changed society, but also continue to change. Recall how many famous IT companies in this process is gone, many investors go bankrupt due to various reasons, but the benefit of society as a whole, has improved.
Modern social capital is not a panacea, but there will be no capital to promote industrial revolution. U.S. shale gas revolution is difficult to be replicated in other countries, but the combination of innovation and capital mode of interaction is of universal significance.Proppant China tens of billions of funds into U.S. shale gas business, he explains China's capital has the same profit-driven, the other hand shows the upstream oil and gas business in the U.S. capital inflows and outflows in convenience. In contrast, the Chinese oil and gas upstream business, whether profit-driven nature of capital or liquidity constraints are also considerable.
Unconventional oil and gas on the significance of China's economic development can not be overemphasized how. The technique used to add their own practice to master KNOWHOW difficult,ceramic proppant innovative business models and attracting large-scale entry of global capital is still our system bottleneck. Only further deepen reform and institutional innovation can we dare possible to achieve China's shale gas revolution.
British Petroleum intends to invest $ 1 billion oil field in Alaska
British Petroleum, said last month approved the company's tax breaks, which is to promote its reason for this investment. Currently, BP is Prudhoe Bay in northern Alaska (Prudhoe Bay) oilfield operators,fracturing proppant whose shareholders include Exxon Mobil (XOM) and ConocoPhillips (COP) and other oil giants. BP said the company will increase drilling equipment, upgrading of existing facilities, and will create 200 new Alaska jobs.
In the past period of time, the region's crude oil production has been in decline. Alaska crude oil and natural gas company lowered its taxes, continue to press for a 35% rate of tax the profits of these companies, and also canceled a system, in this system, crude oil prices rose when the company required to pay the tax will increase.
British Petroleum also added that other shareholders also supported the company in western Prudhoe Bay $ 3 billion additional investment, expand the new development work. Prudhoe Bay oil and gas production in the late 1980s, reached a peak, and then have been in decline. If the region's oil and gas production continues to decline, then the cross-Alaska oil pipeline will face the risk of being shut down.
Prudhoe Bay is the largest oil field, but oil and gas companies have been focusing on new opportunities, and focus its efforts in North Dakota and Texas and other areas to conduct business. In these areas, oil and gas companies can use fracking shale oil and shale gas. Alaska is America's fourth-largest oil-producing states, Oklahoma ranked sub-ah before, but after California.
Shale oil shale refers to the shale oil resources contained in the Department. Including pores and cracks in the shale oil, including mud shale lines or dense carbonate and clastic rocks adjacent layer sandwich of oil resources. Usually effective development approach to horizontal wells and staged fracturing technology. In the field of solid mineral oil is a synthetic oil shale, oil shale retorting is thermal decomposition of organic matter generated when a brownish, with special pungent odor, viscous liquid product.
Some critics have pointed out that the State of Alaska for oil and gas companies implement tax relief bill is a "free gift" will cause the state continues to face a deficit.Proppant Critics also said that oil and gas companies have touted those items had been commenced.
In the past period of time, the region's crude oil production has been in decline. Alaska crude oil and natural gas company lowered its taxes, continue to press for a 35% rate of tax the profits of these companies, and also canceled a system, in this system, crude oil prices rose when the company required to pay the tax will increase.
British Petroleum also added that other shareholders also supported the company in western Prudhoe Bay $ 3 billion additional investment, expand the new development work. Prudhoe Bay oil and gas production in the late 1980s, reached a peak, and then have been in decline. If the region's oil and gas production continues to decline, then the cross-Alaska oil pipeline will face the risk of being shut down.
Prudhoe Bay is the largest oil field, but oil and gas companies have been focusing on new opportunities, and focus its efforts in North Dakota and Texas and other areas to conduct business. In these areas, oil and gas companies can use fracking shale oil and shale gas. Alaska is America's fourth-largest oil-producing states, Oklahoma ranked sub-ah before, but after California.
Shale oil shale refers to the shale oil resources contained in the Department. Including pores and cracks in the shale oil, including mud shale lines or dense carbonate and clastic rocks adjacent layer sandwich of oil resources. Usually effective development approach to horizontal wells and staged fracturing technology. In the field of solid mineral oil is a synthetic oil shale, oil shale retorting is thermal decomposition of organic matter generated when a brownish, with special pungent odor, viscous liquid product.
Some critics have pointed out that the State of Alaska for oil and gas companies implement tax relief bill is a "free gift" will cause the state continues to face a deficit.Proppant Critics also said that oil and gas companies have touted those items had been commenced.
2013年8月20日星期二
Oil supply as usual
U.S. oil imports from OPEC general decline in volume, from Algeria, Angola and Nigeria, the volume of oil imports also greatly reduced. However, imports from the Middle East remained stable at around 2007 levels. Many industry insiders believe that 2007 is the unofficial start of shale oil renaissance, and this revival is affected by
hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling and other technological advances driving brings. This means that even if there is production from the North Dakota Bakken shale and huge Texas Eagle Ford shale oil production in the United States from the Middle East OPEC's oil imports also remained stable. U.S. Energy Information Administration report shows that in 2007 the U.S. oil imports from Saudi Arabia 140 million barrels / day. Recent trends show that this year, U.S. oil imports from Saudi Arabia will not exceed 2007 levels.
U.S. oil imports from Iraq remained fairly stable from 2007 to 48.4 mb / d in 2012 to 47.4 million barrels / day.Proppant Since 2007, U.S. crude oil imports from Kuwait increased by 75%.
U.S. Energy Information Administration said that this is mainly because of the U.S. shale oil is an alternative light sweet crude oil from Africa, rather than the U.S. refineries like heavy sour crude. But the data also show that, at least so far, even if Canada extracted from oil sands, heavy crude oil, there is no substitute in the Middle East oil supplies to the United States. 2007 to 2012, the U.S. daily imports from Canada increased by 50 million barrels of oil mass. This seems to be the United States imports from the Middle East's largest exporter of heavy oil imports did not have much impact. And KeystoneXL pipeline will change this situation, remains to be seen.
University of Texas at Austin, deputy director of the Energy Research Institute, Michael Weber believes that even if the current U.S. shale oil prices has yet to have an impact, but the impact is happening. "Although the United States did not make the oil shale oil pointer moves too much,frac sand but pricing has produced a somewhat non-linear effects; although prices are still high, but OPEC's pricing power has been weakened." Weber believes that the U.S. are in accordance with international geopolitical situation to exploit shale oil brings maneuver. As U.S. shale oil production growth, the oil embargo against Iran has not led to soaring oil prices. North American shale oil and may even make the situation for Syria intervention fewer scruples. "The U.S. shale oil prices eased some of the pressure."
U.S. oil imports from Iraq remained fairly stable from 2007 to 48.4 mb / d in 2012 to 47.4 million barrels / day.Proppant Since 2007, U.S. crude oil imports from Kuwait increased by 75%.
U.S. Energy Information Administration said that this is mainly because of the U.S. shale oil is an alternative light sweet crude oil from Africa, rather than the U.S. refineries like heavy sour crude. But the data also show that, at least so far, even if Canada extracted from oil sands, heavy crude oil, there is no substitute in the Middle East oil supplies to the United States. 2007 to 2012, the U.S. daily imports from Canada increased by 50 million barrels of oil mass. This seems to be the United States imports from the Middle East's largest exporter of heavy oil imports did not have much impact. And KeystoneXL pipeline will change this situation, remains to be seen.
University of Texas at Austin, deputy director of the Energy Research Institute, Michael Weber believes that even if the current U.S. shale oil prices has yet to have an impact, but the impact is happening. "Although the United States did not make the oil shale oil pointer moves too much,frac sand but pricing has produced a somewhat non-linear effects; although prices are still high, but OPEC's pricing power has been weakened." Weber believes that the U.S. are in accordance with international geopolitical situation to exploit shale oil brings maneuver. As U.S. shale oil production growth, the oil embargo against Iran has not led to soaring oil prices. North American shale oil and may even make the situation for Syria intervention fewer scruples. "The U.S. shale oil prices eased some of the pressure."
OPEC's power recession
OPEC recently held a meeting in Vienna, three weeks after the end of the meeting, OPEC oil shale in the global oil and gas market dominance effects, not yet reached a final conclusion. Experts believe that the U.S.
shale gas revolution indeed interfere with OPEC's control of the global crude oil prices, but the specific impact is unclear.
University of Texas at Austin, Department of Geological Sciences, Professor William Fisher said: "I do not think this is the end of OPEC, nor that prices will be reduced to 50 U.S. dollars / barrel, but I am also very sure that oil prices will not exceed $ 100 / barrel. "Professor Fisher with many of my colleagues share the same basic point: Although OPEC as an organization as a whole can not dictate prices,frac sand companies but Saudi Arabia still can.
In an interview, Professor Fisher said, "OPEC mainly in Saudi Arabia as the center, and only through the increase or decrease in production in the country has the ability to influence oil prices." Fisher served in the U.S. during the reign of former President Gerald Ford as the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Deputy Minister, witnessed OPEC,Proppant especially Saudi Arabia, how in a relatively short period of time manipulation of global oil prices. He said that apart from Saudi outside OPEC production together with lower oil price manipulation days are over.
University of Texas at Austin, Department of Geological Sciences, Professor William Fisher said: "I do not think this is the end of OPEC, nor that prices will be reduced to 50 U.S. dollars / barrel, but I am also very sure that oil prices will not exceed $ 100 / barrel. "Professor Fisher with many of my colleagues share the same basic point: Although OPEC as an organization as a whole can not dictate prices,frac sand companies but Saudi Arabia still can.
In an interview, Professor Fisher said, "OPEC mainly in Saudi Arabia as the center, and only through the increase or decrease in production in the country has the ability to influence oil prices." Fisher served in the U.S. during the reign of former President Gerald Ford as the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Deputy Minister, witnessed OPEC,Proppant especially Saudi Arabia, how in a relatively short period of time manipulation of global oil prices. He said that apart from Saudi outside OPEC production together with lower oil price manipulation days are over.
2013年8月17日星期六
Chinese "unconventional" problem: the original innovation
In recent years, with the deepening of theoretical understanding and exploration and development technology, tight gas, coal bed methane, heavy oil, oil sands, etc., have become the world's
Unconventional gas exploration and development in key areas, shale gas and tight oil exploration and development more is to become the focus of world attention. In the June 20 to 21, held in the global Chinese petroleum and petrochemical technology conference,Proppant experts said China's current oil and gas industry has entered both conventional and unconventional oil and gas era, China's oil workers only with the idea of open technical limitations, using technology breakthrough energy dilemma, constantly seeking unconventional oil and gas resource development opportunities.frac sand companies Unconventional oil and gas technology revolution has come before take a leading role in the new energy, oil and gas in the world primary energy will dominate.
2013年8月11日星期日
Shale gas in Europe: an uncertain future
European
shale gas mining situation in Western Europe and Eastern Europe, the two regions should be considered. In Western Europe, many companies have carried out some exploration activities in the region and have a basic understanding of shale gas resources. Currently, a large number of Western European and other unconventional shale gas resources in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, France and the Scandinavian Peninsula. Due to the economic, environmental and regulatory constraints,frac sand companies large-scale production of shale gas prospects are still being questioned.
On the one hand, the European regulations on shale gas development with the United States, Australia, compared to relatively less than perfect. Obtained exploration licenses uncertainty and risk is higher. Meanwhile, France, Scandinavia and other parts of Western Europe, shale gas resources zone near densely populated areas, the recent development of the region in order of potential shale gas resources is unlikely. On the other hand, European countries also lack of technology and infrastructure investments in shale gas economically viable long-term problems. Despite technological innovation is expected to reduce the cost of production of shale gas, but also impossible to achieve in the short term.
European investors are also being closely track the progress of U.S. shale gas industry, concerned about the U.S. company decided to develop its own shale gas resources and gas exports.
In Eastern Europe, except Poland shale gas resource potential concern, the Turkey and Ukraine also have some resource potential. Currently, Poland is making every effort seeking to develop its vast shale gas reserves. To reduce the country's dependence on Russian gas imports, Polish companies are working with scientists, research institutions, national laboratories and geological services and regulatory cooperation, the development of shale gas industry. If Poland, Hungary and other countries to achieve its commercial production of shale gas, the impact of Russian gas to Europe will continue to shrink. Currently,Proppant the European gas 1/4 volume of imports are from Russia through Ukraine input, and often controversial because the contract between the two countries faced off for the danger.
Some European countries the development of shale gas to the Russian conventional gas production poses a great threat. Shale gas production in Europe whether they would impact on the environment debate, Russia has behaved very active. It is because in conventional natural gas reserves and production occupies an absolutely dominant position, Russia shale gas development has been greatly hampered. But now, Russia's domestic investors in the long-term potential of shale gas has also been divided into two groups on the judgment: Some companies believe that the development of shale gas is not much sense, especially considering the current gas price conditions; Other companies shale gas development in the next big bet.ceramic ball For example, the Russian oil and gas company Exxon Mobil has the same strategic cooperation agreement to jointly carry out associated with shale gas technology research and development, which indicates that the Russian oil and gas companies at least aware of the future potential of shale gas.
Eastern investors are closely watching the U.S. shale gas development process. If the U.S. company decided to only meet domestic demand for production, then the U.S. shale gas production in Europe will have little effect large-scale development. But more likely is that U.S. companies to increase investment in order to meet the needs of entry into the European gas market, then Europe's imports from Canada and Russia will reduce gas dependence, this way, Russia is likely to turn their attention to the growing Asian market.
On the one hand, the European regulations on shale gas development with the United States, Australia, compared to relatively less than perfect. Obtained exploration licenses uncertainty and risk is higher. Meanwhile, France, Scandinavia and other parts of Western Europe, shale gas resources zone near densely populated areas, the recent development of the region in order of potential shale gas resources is unlikely. On the other hand, European countries also lack of technology and infrastructure investments in shale gas economically viable long-term problems. Despite technological innovation is expected to reduce the cost of production of shale gas, but also impossible to achieve in the short term.
European investors are also being closely track the progress of U.S. shale gas industry, concerned about the U.S. company decided to develop its own shale gas resources and gas exports.
In Eastern Europe, except Poland shale gas resource potential concern, the Turkey and Ukraine also have some resource potential. Currently, Poland is making every effort seeking to develop its vast shale gas reserves. To reduce the country's dependence on Russian gas imports, Polish companies are working with scientists, research institutions, national laboratories and geological services and regulatory cooperation, the development of shale gas industry. If Poland, Hungary and other countries to achieve its commercial production of shale gas, the impact of Russian gas to Europe will continue to shrink. Currently,Proppant the European gas 1/4 volume of imports are from Russia through Ukraine input, and often controversial because the contract between the two countries faced off for the danger.
Some European countries the development of shale gas to the Russian conventional gas production poses a great threat. Shale gas production in Europe whether they would impact on the environment debate, Russia has behaved very active. It is because in conventional natural gas reserves and production occupies an absolutely dominant position, Russia shale gas development has been greatly hampered. But now, Russia's domestic investors in the long-term potential of shale gas has also been divided into two groups on the judgment: Some companies believe that the development of shale gas is not much sense, especially considering the current gas price conditions; Other companies shale gas development in the next big bet.ceramic ball For example, the Russian oil and gas company Exxon Mobil has the same strategic cooperation agreement to jointly carry out associated with shale gas technology research and development, which indicates that the Russian oil and gas companies at least aware of the future potential of shale gas.
Eastern investors are closely watching the U.S. shale gas development process. If the U.S. company decided to only meet domestic demand for production, then the U.S. shale gas production in Europe will have little effect large-scale development. But more likely is that U.S. companies to increase investment in order to meet the needs of entry into the European gas market, then Europe's imports from Canada and Russia will reduce gas dependence, this way, Russia is likely to turn their attention to the growing Asian market.
2013年8月8日星期四
U.S. crude oil production record high
U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA) said on Tuesday that the United States in September's average daily production of nearly 650 million barrels,Proppant an increase of 16%, or about 90 million barrels per day, nearly 15 years the highest level. In November, the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2020 will be more than the United States or Saudi Arabia and Russia to become the world's largest oil producer.
U.S. last monthly production reached 6.5 million barrels daily is January 1998. EIA said the state is to have the largest increase in Eagle Ford shale gas project in Texas, and is located in the center of the Bakken Shale in North Dakota. For decades, North Dakota are below 15 million barrels per day, but production from 2007 began to surge in September reached 72.8 million barrels per day, mainly due to hydraulic fracturing mining methods are used.
U.S. oil industry is booming, there are some limitations, hydraulic fracturing method is mainly dependent on the relatively high price of oil, while Saudi Arabia and other oil producing countries has huge oil reserves of low mining costs. IEA projections after 2020, Saudi Arabia and other OPEC will control a larger share of the global oil market.
U.S. last monthly production reached 6.5 million barrels daily is January 1998. EIA said the state is to have the largest increase in Eagle Ford shale gas project in Texas, and is located in the center of the Bakken Shale in North Dakota. For decades, North Dakota are below 15 million barrels per day, but production from 2007 began to surge in September reached 72.8 million barrels per day, mainly due to hydraulic fracturing mining methods are used.
U.S. oil industry is booming, there are some limitations, hydraulic fracturing method is mainly dependent on the relatively high price of oil, while Saudi Arabia and other oil producing countries has huge oil reserves of low mining costs. IEA projections after 2020, Saudi Arabia and other OPEC will control a larger share of the global oil market.
订阅：
博文 (Atom)