Shale gas is the energy sector in recent years ranked first in the world of keywords, but also by the Chinese people have heard more and more understanding. U.S.
shale gas production in the rapid growth of the past few years, is considered to be an energy revolution. In the United States Department of Energy report, China's shale gas reserves in the world.
China on the exploitation of shale gas spirits when, some industry experts and industry to pour cold water on this website that China can not be fooled by the United States, or even that that in itself is a conspiracy, trap. In the end how to treat this might reshape the national economic structure, as well as social life energy revolution?
Shale gas is indeed tempting cakes blocks
Shale gas made great contributions to the U.S. economy,frac sand compared to China's natural gas utilization is low and the high dependence on foreign
Shale gas, layman's terms is stored in the shale gas, and we usually cook a bath with natural gas is no different, the main component is methane, but more difficult to develop. The combustion of natural gas off than burning oil less greenhouse gases produced about half of the energy is much higher cleanliness. Meanwhile, gas prices much cheaper than oil. Therefore, the high cost.
With shale gas production steadily increased, the United States hardly needs of foreign imports of natural gas, later also can be exported
2007, blowout in shale gas production, driven by the rapid growth of the U.S. natural gas production, oversupply trend, natural gas prices from $ 8 per thousand cubic feet all the way down to the 2012 $ 2 (about 1000 cubic feet equal to 28.3 cubic meters).
Whether Chinese, Japanese, or European countries, the price of gas more expensive than the United States. It also contributed significantly to many American industrial sector energy costs.ceramic ball In addition, the exploitation of shale gas but also for chemical companies to provide ethane and other raw materials, such as Dow Chemical intended only to build a new plant in the Middle East, and finally in the United States built a.
Consulting firm IHS data show the U.S. shale gas revolution, the rapid development of the chemical industry and has created 1.7 million jobs. So, whether it is the U.S. economy or the lives of ordinary people have benefited from shale gas. University of Houston finance professor Edward - Hess participated in the preparation of a report on the U.S. economy in 2011 alone is estimated to benefit from low gas prices more than 100 billion U.S. dollars.
And China's natural gas in the energy consumption structure in the proportion of very low, only 4%, lower than the world average of nearly 20 percentage points. Meanwhile,Fracturing proppant the foreign dependency quite high, in 2011, 24.3 per cent is imported. Many people may wonder shale gas in China to become a "trap"
fracturing fluid
2013年9月8日星期日
Shale gas: American Capital "conspiracy"
31 years ago, George - Michelle (GeorgeMitchell) and his engineers Michel energy company, has been looking to extract natural gas from shale approach. Until 1998, 80-year-old Michelle in hydraulic fracturing technology has made a success for the U.S.
shale gas revolution laid the foundation.
Almost overnight, shale gas revolution sweeping the globe, the U.S. technology has been used around the world.
"But, both in the United States, or in the world, this is a controversial technology." Lifetime interview, Michelle was not confused. This technology is still a lot of questions left to the world:Unconventional gas it will consume a lot of water? It brings the U.S. "small earthquakes continue to"? Its cost is not too high? ......
Larger question that the U.S. shale gas revolution is in fact a hoax, a foreign expert in scientific journals issued a document that,fracturing proppant in the first year of operation, shale gas production declined by 60 percent to 90 percent.
Shale gas development is also considered face huge financial obstacles. "Drilling being destroyed at an alarming rate of capital, drilling company left a mountain of debt, while the decline has begun to wreak havoc in order to avoid disrupting descent rate income statement, the company had more drilling new wells, old wells yield decline. "" The New York Times "in 2011, a survey pointed out that the U.S. oil industry surface optimistic,Proppant but" in private but then shale gas skeptical. " "Shale gas bubble will collapse sooner or later." In this case, the U.S. export to China, "shale gas revolution" even considered to be the capital of the United States "conspiracy."
Almost overnight, shale gas revolution sweeping the globe, the U.S. technology has been used around the world.
"But, both in the United States, or in the world, this is a controversial technology." Lifetime interview, Michelle was not confused. This technology is still a lot of questions left to the world:Unconventional gas it will consume a lot of water? It brings the U.S. "small earthquakes continue to"? Its cost is not too high? ......
Larger question that the U.S. shale gas revolution is in fact a hoax, a foreign expert in scientific journals issued a document that,fracturing proppant in the first year of operation, shale gas production declined by 60 percent to 90 percent.
Shale gas development is also considered face huge financial obstacles. "Drilling being destroyed at an alarming rate of capital, drilling company left a mountain of debt, while the decline has begun to wreak havoc in order to avoid disrupting descent rate income statement, the company had more drilling new wells, old wells yield decline. "" The New York Times "in 2011, a survey pointed out that the U.S. oil industry surface optimistic,Proppant but" in private but then shale gas skeptical. " "Shale gas bubble will collapse sooner or later." In this case, the U.S. export to China, "shale gas revolution" even considered to be the capital of the United States "conspiracy."
The next "two rooms crisis"?
Shale gas is the dream of American energy independence provides a paintbrush.
2004-2009, the annual growth rate of U.S. shale gas reached 40% or more, and a few hundred billion cubic meters per year increment blowout. In 2012, the U.S. shale gas accounted for the total amount of natural gas increased from 1% in 2000 to 37 per cent to 265.3 billion cubic meters, almost the whole of China's annual consumption of natural gas (about 150 billion cubic meters) twice .
Shale gas can change the energy world situation do? Even the Americans themselves do not believe.
In recent years, as the U.S. natural gas prices continued to fall, shale gas development increasingly slim profit margins,Ceramic proppant or even unprofitable. American business people began to turn to higher prices and interest can also use technology to exploit shale gas unconventional oil - shale oil. Last year, the U.S. shale gas industry showed a decline, many companies verge of bankruptcy, shut down a lot of wells.
"The New York Times", "Foreign Policy" and other U.S. media have questioned some even likened the U.S. shale gas industry under a "two rooms crisis." They believe that the U.S. shale gas industry, thanks to the rise of large-scale entry of international capital, but capital into obscures vast resources of shale gas industry lapse rate (number of wells is often only one or two years of life) the biggest problem .frac sand companies This makes shale gas high production costs. Nevertheless, pre-complex financing agreement has forced many companies to bite continues shale gas production, which also makes a lot of companies saddled with huge liabilities.
Shale gas industry, once the bubble burst, a large number of shale gas company's debt crisis will probably form a plague-like financial crisis.
2004-2009, the annual growth rate of U.S. shale gas reached 40% or more, and a few hundred billion cubic meters per year increment blowout. In 2012, the U.S. shale gas accounted for the total amount of natural gas increased from 1% in 2000 to 37 per cent to 265.3 billion cubic meters, almost the whole of China's annual consumption of natural gas (about 150 billion cubic meters) twice .
Shale gas can change the energy world situation do? Even the Americans themselves do not believe.
In recent years, as the U.S. natural gas prices continued to fall, shale gas development increasingly slim profit margins,Ceramic proppant or even unprofitable. American business people began to turn to higher prices and interest can also use technology to exploit shale gas unconventional oil - shale oil. Last year, the U.S. shale gas industry showed a decline, many companies verge of bankruptcy, shut down a lot of wells.
"The New York Times", "Foreign Policy" and other U.S. media have questioned some even likened the U.S. shale gas industry under a "two rooms crisis." They believe that the U.S. shale gas industry, thanks to the rise of large-scale entry of international capital, but capital into obscures vast resources of shale gas industry lapse rate (number of wells is often only one or two years of life) the biggest problem .frac sand companies This makes shale gas high production costs. Nevertheless, pre-complex financing agreement has forced many companies to bite continues shale gas production, which also makes a lot of companies saddled with huge liabilities.
Shale gas industry, once the bubble burst, a large number of shale gas company's debt crisis will probably form a plague-like financial crisis.
Prospects for the development of shale gas analysis
Some time ago by the mad chase market funds
shale gas stocks recently collective cold, reportedly because of a lot of the company's controlling shareholder and senior big company stock holdings. September this year will mark the second time shale gas tender, the tender related stocks before the collective diving, will produce what kind of impact the tender? What are the prospects of the development of shale gas?
The United States is currently the world's most successful exploitation of shale gas in the country. Shale gas development largely reduce the U.S. dependence on imported oil and improve the structure of its energy supply. In 2009, the United States more than Russia became the world's largest producer of natural gas. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicts that by 2021 the United States will become a net exporter of natural gas. U.S.frac sand shale gas development led to the success of shale gas exploration worldwide attention.
America's success has made many other countries to follow suit. Russia announced that it will actively respond to the challenges U.S. shale gas development, Poland, Great Britain, Italy, Norway and China and so began to increase shale gas investment. China has rich shale gas resources, and begin to strengthen international cooperation to accelerate shale gas exploration and development.
China is in the urbanization, industrialization stage of development, in the last decade, natural gas consumption showed a double-digit growth, while China's energy supply sustainability and stability is experiencing a tremendous challenge. Faced with an increasingly daunting pressure to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, China's energy consumption reduction targets but also by the constraints (to 2020, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP than in 2005 dropped 40% - 45%). And now provides 70% of domestic energy consumption compared to coal, shale gas cleaner and fewer emissions. Therefore, the development of shale gas will not only help expand the scale of natural gas supply, but also to meet our future energy structure adjustment direction. With the rapid growth in demand for natural gas as well as the transition to low-carbon energy mix,Proppant the development of shale gas also seems to be an inevitable choice for China's energy industry.
At present, China's shale gas exploration and development technology is relatively weak. To achieve technological catch the short term, the relevant policy support is essential. The U.S. government on shale gas development and utilization of the implementation of tax incentives and give some subsidies. Relatively speaking, China's shale gas development and utilization of a lack of systemic support, including lack of proper strategic planning and supporting strategic planning support policy.Ceramic proppant This may cause the associated enterprises lack sufficient funds or of shale gas exploration and development without enthusiasm. In the appropriate government incentives, foreign shale gas development and utilization of the technology gap can be quickly reduced.
The United States is currently the world's most successful exploitation of shale gas in the country. Shale gas development largely reduce the U.S. dependence on imported oil and improve the structure of its energy supply. In 2009, the United States more than Russia became the world's largest producer of natural gas. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicts that by 2021 the United States will become a net exporter of natural gas. U.S.frac sand shale gas development led to the success of shale gas exploration worldwide attention.
America's success has made many other countries to follow suit. Russia announced that it will actively respond to the challenges U.S. shale gas development, Poland, Great Britain, Italy, Norway and China and so began to increase shale gas investment. China has rich shale gas resources, and begin to strengthen international cooperation to accelerate shale gas exploration and development.
China is in the urbanization, industrialization stage of development, in the last decade, natural gas consumption showed a double-digit growth, while China's energy supply sustainability and stability is experiencing a tremendous challenge. Faced with an increasingly daunting pressure to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, China's energy consumption reduction targets but also by the constraints (to 2020, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP than in 2005 dropped 40% - 45%). And now provides 70% of domestic energy consumption compared to coal, shale gas cleaner and fewer emissions. Therefore, the development of shale gas will not only help expand the scale of natural gas supply, but also to meet our future energy structure adjustment direction. With the rapid growth in demand for natural gas as well as the transition to low-carbon energy mix,Proppant the development of shale gas also seems to be an inevitable choice for China's energy industry.
At present, China's shale gas exploration and development technology is relatively weak. To achieve technological catch the short term, the relevant policy support is essential. The U.S. government on shale gas development and utilization of the implementation of tax incentives and give some subsidies. Relatively speaking, China's shale gas development and utilization of a lack of systemic support, including lack of proper strategic planning and supporting strategic planning support policy.Ceramic proppant This may cause the associated enterprises lack sufficient funds or of shale gas exploration and development without enthusiasm. In the appropriate government incentives, foreign shale gas development and utilization of the technology gap can be quickly reduced.
Natural gas prices are affecting China an important factor in the development of shale gas
Natural gas prices are affecting China an important factor in the development of
shale gas . At present, the domestic gas price is much lower than the international prices . Our increasing dependence on imported natural gas , domestic gas prices increase pressure for reform . December 2011 , the National Development and Reform Commission decided in Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to carry natural gas pricing reform.
And other price reforms , like natural gas price reform will also face many difficulties . The most important aspect of the process of the natural gas market , how to balance the interests of all parties ( including governments, businesses and the end consumer , etc. ) .
For example , the domestic gas prices may rise sharply therefore , is one of the important issues. Efficient natural gas pricing mechanism reform to China's shale gas development can provide a better environment for development. Of course, the development of shale gas in turn,fracturing proppant can increase the supply of natural gas to reduce pressure on domestic gas prices .
Rising international oil prices and growing dependence on imported natural gas , could force the Chinese government to formulate specific policies to encourage the development of shale gas . However, we need to pay special attention to the development of shale gas , the environmental risks. There are many American shale gas to underground and surface water resources in the discussion of the potential risks . In China, water is a very poor country, if shale gas water hazards , then , its development will be greatly limited. Limited by resource extraction in the external environment , shale gas development process can not simply rely on the enterprise environment is obviously self-discipline . Three aspects of policy instruments must also be put in place : the relevant laws and regulations, strict supervision , and related penalties.
Exploitation of shale gas is still in its infancy. Although China's current estimates of shale gas reserves are not yet agreed , but there is no doubt that the development of shale gas will increase the supply of natural gas and reduce our dependence on imported natural gas .
For the market, the short-term shale gas is indeed just a concept, to assess the possible inputs and outputs a matter of opinion ,ceramic ball investors need to be cautious. To achieve large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas and the formation of relatively good efficiency, but also take quite a long time. But we will see the rise of shale gas . Therefore , without worrying about shale gas second tender , because the market in addition to speculators , there are many investors with strategic vision .
And other price reforms , like natural gas price reform will also face many difficulties . The most important aspect of the process of the natural gas market , how to balance the interests of all parties ( including governments, businesses and the end consumer , etc. ) .
For example , the domestic gas prices may rise sharply therefore , is one of the important issues. Efficient natural gas pricing mechanism reform to China's shale gas development can provide a better environment for development. Of course, the development of shale gas in turn,fracturing proppant can increase the supply of natural gas to reduce pressure on domestic gas prices .
Rising international oil prices and growing dependence on imported natural gas , could force the Chinese government to formulate specific policies to encourage the development of shale gas . However, we need to pay special attention to the development of shale gas , the environmental risks. There are many American shale gas to underground and surface water resources in the discussion of the potential risks . In China, water is a very poor country, if shale gas water hazards , then , its development will be greatly limited. Limited by resource extraction in the external environment , shale gas development process can not simply rely on the enterprise environment is obviously self-discipline . Three aspects of policy instruments must also be put in place : the relevant laws and regulations, strict supervision , and related penalties.
Exploitation of shale gas is still in its infancy. Although China's current estimates of shale gas reserves are not yet agreed , but there is no doubt that the development of shale gas will increase the supply of natural gas and reduce our dependence on imported natural gas .
For the market, the short-term shale gas is indeed just a concept, to assess the possible inputs and outputs a matter of opinion ,ceramic ball investors need to be cautious. To achieve large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas and the formation of relatively good efficiency, but also take quite a long time. But we will see the rise of shale gas . Therefore , without worrying about shale gas second tender , because the market in addition to speculators , there are many investors with strategic vision .
2013年9月6日星期五
Local conditions to achieve technological breakthroughs
Many industry insiders estimate that by 2030 China 's oil import dependency will reach 70% , which will draw on China's energy security a big question mark , then the recent shale gas heat could slow China 's dependence on foreign energy it ?
Shale gas heat has been sweeping across the land of China , but the controversy is also growing. shale gas in China to estimate the geographical environment , and its higher mining costs , profitability short term is not satisfactory. However, due to the massive increase in China's emerging middle class , the future demand for energy will increase significantly , will promote the development of shale gas industry . Medium and long term , shale gas will provide China with adequate energy .fracturing proppant In order to better exploit shale gas , China should learn from other countries based on the model , to further improve the domestic regulatory regime , especially on environmental issues .
Currently, shale gas has caused pollution problems in Europe and the United States has aroused strong controversy , to which China can not be ignored . Recently, the Chinese frequently purchased oil and gas assets in North America , especially on shale gas exploitation of oil and gas companies have the expertise , the rapid development of shale gas in China hopes the vision of course is good , but some of the problems that must be addressed.
Used in shale gas fracking , to be pumped into underground rock formations causing cracks in high-pressure liquid to harvest oil and gas . These high-pressure liquid is often mixed with sand and small amounts of chemicals high-pressure water . Because waste water , and there is a risk of groundwater pollution , shale gas exploitation in many countries has been questioned . In addition, the mining process requires horizontal drilling and 3D seismic exploration techniques require technical expertise and experience . Through the exploitation of perennial North American companies have accumulated a lot of experience , while the other rising star is even less experienced .
Massive shale gas proved changed the global energy landscape , such as the Gulf States , Russia and Venezuela and other traditional oil and gas exporting countries so affected, in addition , Poland, China and other shale gas Rookie right to change regional energy situation will also have an important driving effect. Australia has always been abundant reserves of shale gas exploration has also joined the army , and its sound infrastructure for the domestic shale gas escort, this change will further enhance Australia 's position in international energy map .
Because shale gas revolution, the so-called peak oil theory has ended, new technology brings new resources that will eventually reshape the geopolitical landscape . Although promising ,Proppant many countries also want to try Yueyue , but the challenge is not small. Existing reserves are not recoverable amount , according to local conditions to achieve technological breakthroughs , but also take some time.
Shale gas heat has been sweeping across the land of China , but the controversy is also growing. shale gas in China to estimate the geographical environment , and its higher mining costs , profitability short term is not satisfactory. However, due to the massive increase in China's emerging middle class , the future demand for energy will increase significantly , will promote the development of shale gas industry . Medium and long term , shale gas will provide China with adequate energy .fracturing proppant In order to better exploit shale gas , China should learn from other countries based on the model , to further improve the domestic regulatory regime , especially on environmental issues .
Currently, shale gas has caused pollution problems in Europe and the United States has aroused strong controversy , to which China can not be ignored . Recently, the Chinese frequently purchased oil and gas assets in North America , especially on shale gas exploitation of oil and gas companies have the expertise , the rapid development of shale gas in China hopes the vision of course is good , but some of the problems that must be addressed.
Used in shale gas fracking , to be pumped into underground rock formations causing cracks in high-pressure liquid to harvest oil and gas . These high-pressure liquid is often mixed with sand and small amounts of chemicals high-pressure water . Because waste water , and there is a risk of groundwater pollution , shale gas exploitation in many countries has been questioned . In addition, the mining process requires horizontal drilling and 3D seismic exploration techniques require technical expertise and experience . Through the exploitation of perennial North American companies have accumulated a lot of experience , while the other rising star is even less experienced .
Massive shale gas proved changed the global energy landscape , such as the Gulf States , Russia and Venezuela and other traditional oil and gas exporting countries so affected, in addition , Poland, China and other shale gas Rookie right to change regional energy situation will also have an important driving effect. Australia has always been abundant reserves of shale gas exploration has also joined the army , and its sound infrastructure for the domestic shale gas escort, this change will further enhance Australia 's position in international energy map .
Because shale gas revolution, the so-called peak oil theory has ended, new technology brings new resources that will eventually reshape the geopolitical landscape . Although promising ,Proppant many countries also want to try Yueyue , but the challenge is not small. Existing reserves are not recoverable amount , according to local conditions to achieve technological breakthroughs , but also take some time.
China shale gas development should address the various issues
In any case, China
shale gas revolution has attracted global attention , this is a success. China to promote its domestic energy situation accelerate the exploitation of shale gas . IEA 2010 data show that Chinese traditional oil production is declining , by 2030 , China 's oil demand will be 79% dependent on imports , in order to alleviate this situation , China has increased the pace of unconventional oil and gas exploitation .
According to the Chinese Ministry of Land and estimated domestic shale gas reserves of about 886 trillion cubic meters , but according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that more reserves of about 127.5 billion cubic meters . According to the projections, China shale gas reserves than the United States and Canada combined.Fracturing proppant For shale gas , China has formulated a long-term plan . China's " Twelfth Five-Year Plan" shows that by 2015, China's shale gas production will reach 65 billion cubic meters in 2020 and strive to reach 100 billion cubic meters . By then, shale gas will account for 10 percent of China's energy needs . To achieve this goal, China should increase oil and gas companies shale gas technology and cooperation in the field of research , although currently there has been some progress, but on the development of China's domestic shale gas is limited.
China has classified as independent minerals shale gas , shale gas this decision gave more room for development , because it got rid of the "three oil" control , the introduction of competition, and state-owned , private and foreign companies have the right to participate in bidding.
Chinese state-owned oil and gas companies to increase in recent years in the process of internationalization efforts for all to see , have been established with a number of international oil and gas giant consortium expansion overseas oil and gas industries. China in the international energy market advancement is indicative that it has realized the importance of strengthening overseas operations , especially with the rapid economic development, expanding the scope of business of oil and gas fields has become extremely necessary . As funded by Chinese companies in overseas acquisitions very efficient, especially in North America , CNOOC acquisition of Nixon is a typical success story. China is moving towards large-scale development of shale gas .frac sand Acquisitions allow a better understanding of the international market, China 's shale gas technology and progress , and similarly, shale gas for China a huge market , many international giants have expressed interest . Currently, Royal Dutch Shell , Chevron , Exxon Mobil , BP already Sichuan, Guizhou and other provinces of shale gas geological conditions conducted an investigation.
Future shale gas industry will escort the development of China's economy , but China should face shale gas in the face of various environmental and technical issues to be resolved through positive way , to achieve the harmonious development of resources and the environment .
According to the Chinese Ministry of Land and estimated domestic shale gas reserves of about 886 trillion cubic meters , but according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that more reserves of about 127.5 billion cubic meters . According to the projections, China shale gas reserves than the United States and Canada combined.Fracturing proppant For shale gas , China has formulated a long-term plan . China's " Twelfth Five-Year Plan" shows that by 2015, China's shale gas production will reach 65 billion cubic meters in 2020 and strive to reach 100 billion cubic meters . By then, shale gas will account for 10 percent of China's energy needs . To achieve this goal, China should increase oil and gas companies shale gas technology and cooperation in the field of research , although currently there has been some progress, but on the development of China's domestic shale gas is limited.
China has classified as independent minerals shale gas , shale gas this decision gave more room for development , because it got rid of the "three oil" control , the introduction of competition, and state-owned , private and foreign companies have the right to participate in bidding.
Chinese state-owned oil and gas companies to increase in recent years in the process of internationalization efforts for all to see , have been established with a number of international oil and gas giant consortium expansion overseas oil and gas industries. China in the international energy market advancement is indicative that it has realized the importance of strengthening overseas operations , especially with the rapid economic development, expanding the scope of business of oil and gas fields has become extremely necessary . As funded by Chinese companies in overseas acquisitions very efficient, especially in North America , CNOOC acquisition of Nixon is a typical success story. China is moving towards large-scale development of shale gas .frac sand Acquisitions allow a better understanding of the international market, China 's shale gas technology and progress , and similarly, shale gas for China a huge market , many international giants have expressed interest . Currently, Royal Dutch Shell , Chevron , Exxon Mobil , BP already Sichuan, Guizhou and other provinces of shale gas geological conditions conducted an investigation.
Future shale gas industry will escort the development of China's economy , but China should face shale gas in the face of various environmental and technical issues to be resolved through positive way , to achieve the harmonious development of resources and the environment .
2013年8月30日星期五
Shale gas production is indeed false prosperity
Horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing of this large-scale multi-stage two technological breakthroughs ,hydraulic fracturing has made mining impermeable rocks hidden in hydrocarbons as possible. In 2004, the U.S. level of less than 10% of natural gas wells , now it is 61%.
Globally, although many countries have set up demonstration projects , but most still come from shale gas production in North America . After experiencing a period of rapid growth, since the beginning of 2012 , production has remained at a relatively stable level. Shale gas production has grown from 2000 accounted for 2% of U.S. natural gas production , gas production increased to 2012 nearly 40 percent ; period of U.S. natural gas production grew by 25%. The oversupply led to a sharp drop in U.S. natural gas prices . Currently, the prices have been some slight rebound , but for many no liquid hydrocarbon production capacity of shale gas field , the result of low natural gas prices due to their lack of profitability.
Large-scale shale gas production first began in the Barnett Shale area 10 years ago and quickly spread to other regions.fracturing proppant Five shale gas production 80% of U.S. shale gas production in descending order by : Louisiana Haynesville, East Texas Barnett, across West Virginia , Pennsylvania and New York State Marcellus, Arkansas in Fayetteville, and Oklahoma Woodford.
Currently, there is a specific pattern have occurred . A shale gas field was discovered, one leasing boom ensues. In the United States , given the high oil and gas exploration and development risks and returns , the parties to balance the distribution of benefits and reduce the risks and reduce uncertainty , has long formed the oil and gas lease system . Private , federal or state government landowners , mineral interests in oil and gas resources will be granted to oil and gas developers, and developers have capital and technology , access to such mineral interest in the exploration, development and production. Then it is 3 to 5 years of natural gas boom, because if a given location is no longer producing gas lease sale will be terminated. Shale gas -rich region known as dessert, was first identified and drilling , and then determine its edge region . The average gas quality ( determined by the initial capacity ) to initially rise and then begin to decline.
Since 2010 , the five largest shale gas field in the United States there are four gas fields , the average yield has been declining. In the Haynesville, 2012 , the average yield of almost a third more than 2010 youth . Marcellus is an exception : in this young , huge shale fields , and still continue to be found and mined , its supply is still maintained growth.
A gas well production will decline rapidly within a few years . U.S. shale gas in five wells in the first three years after production fell by 80% to 95%. Represented by fitting hyperbolic production decline trend of industry practice , and infer the life of wells can reach 40 years or more, a little too optimistic. Available historical production data up to only a few years , therefore , not enough to be able to have such wells confirmed a long life . As production declines faster than the typical conclusion of these models , this method often overestimated ultimate recovery wells and economic indicators . U.S. Geological Survey assessment of recoverable amount , and sometimes even less than the industry touted recoverable amount of the half.
In order to maintain the supply of new wells must be drilled . In the Haynesville gas well, almost a year need to create 800 wells - almost 2012 the number of gas wells in service 1/3-- to maintain production levels in 2012 . Each well costs about $ 900 million investment , in order to maintain production was essentially flat drilling takes $ 7 billion annually , if coupled with leasing , infrastructure and interest , including the total cost is even higher.
From the United States point of view, this is equivalent to the new 7200 wells per year , spend at least $ 42 billion , they can only offset the decline in production . In order to maintain production to support the lower shale gas prices, drilling ventures can not be completely recovered from sales . In 2012, the U.S. shale gas output value of only 33 billion ( although some wells also produce a considerable amount of liquid hydrocarbon , thereby enhancing the economy ) . For non- production of liquid hydrocarbons shale gas field , even if just to keep ends meet , but also need to increase gas prices .
In order to maintain production of shale gas , the industrial sector needs a lot of money . Over time , the best and the dessert is drilled shale field is completed, maintain the supply costs will rise .Frac sand Many existing shale gas production is not economical , even if only to maintain production , we need higher gas prices , not to mention increase production up .
Globally, although many countries have set up demonstration projects , but most still come from shale gas production in North America . After experiencing a period of rapid growth, since the beginning of 2012 , production has remained at a relatively stable level. Shale gas production has grown from 2000 accounted for 2% of U.S. natural gas production , gas production increased to 2012 nearly 40 percent ; period of U.S. natural gas production grew by 25%. The oversupply led to a sharp drop in U.S. natural gas prices . Currently, the prices have been some slight rebound , but for many no liquid hydrocarbon production capacity of shale gas field , the result of low natural gas prices due to their lack of profitability.
Large-scale shale gas production first began in the Barnett Shale area 10 years ago and quickly spread to other regions.fracturing proppant Five shale gas production 80% of U.S. shale gas production in descending order by : Louisiana Haynesville, East Texas Barnett, across West Virginia , Pennsylvania and New York State Marcellus, Arkansas in Fayetteville, and Oklahoma Woodford.
Currently, there is a specific pattern have occurred . A shale gas field was discovered, one leasing boom ensues. In the United States , given the high oil and gas exploration and development risks and returns , the parties to balance the distribution of benefits and reduce the risks and reduce uncertainty , has long formed the oil and gas lease system . Private , federal or state government landowners , mineral interests in oil and gas resources will be granted to oil and gas developers, and developers have capital and technology , access to such mineral interest in the exploration, development and production. Then it is 3 to 5 years of natural gas boom, because if a given location is no longer producing gas lease sale will be terminated. Shale gas -rich region known as dessert, was first identified and drilling , and then determine its edge region . The average gas quality ( determined by the initial capacity ) to initially rise and then begin to decline.
Since 2010 , the five largest shale gas field in the United States there are four gas fields , the average yield has been declining. In the Haynesville, 2012 , the average yield of almost a third more than 2010 youth . Marcellus is an exception : in this young , huge shale fields , and still continue to be found and mined , its supply is still maintained growth.
A gas well production will decline rapidly within a few years . U.S. shale gas in five wells in the first three years after production fell by 80% to 95%. Represented by fitting hyperbolic production decline trend of industry practice , and infer the life of wells can reach 40 years or more, a little too optimistic. Available historical production data up to only a few years , therefore , not enough to be able to have such wells confirmed a long life . As production declines faster than the typical conclusion of these models , this method often overestimated ultimate recovery wells and economic indicators . U.S. Geological Survey assessment of recoverable amount , and sometimes even less than the industry touted recoverable amount of the half.
In order to maintain the supply of new wells must be drilled . In the Haynesville gas well, almost a year need to create 800 wells - almost 2012 the number of gas wells in service 1/3-- to maintain production levels in 2012 . Each well costs about $ 900 million investment , in order to maintain production was essentially flat drilling takes $ 7 billion annually , if coupled with leasing , infrastructure and interest , including the total cost is even higher.
From the United States point of view, this is equivalent to the new 7200 wells per year , spend at least $ 42 billion , they can only offset the decline in production . In order to maintain production to support the lower shale gas prices, drilling ventures can not be completely recovered from sales . In 2012, the U.S. shale gas output value of only 33 billion ( although some wells also produce a considerable amount of liquid hydrocarbon , thereby enhancing the economy ) . For non- production of liquid hydrocarbons shale gas field , even if just to keep ends meet , but also need to increase gas prices .
In order to maintain production of shale gas , the industrial sector needs a lot of money . Over time , the best and the dessert is drilled shale field is completed, maintain the supply costs will rise .Frac sand Many existing shale gas production is not economical , even if only to maintain production , we need higher gas prices , not to mention increase production up .
2013年8月29日星期四
Structural changes in the international energy impact analysis
If the future of China could overtake the United States rather than just "guest " world's first large country location imported oil ,
shale gas revolution brought about by changes in the international energy structure will be more far-reaching implications , not only to the new international division of labor, but also affects the layout of industrial ecology and trade and other aspects.
First, the international energy structure changes greatly affected the distribution of the international energy market territory . First, the U.S. position in the international oil market will extend from the demand supply-side direction . Citigroup an analytical report that due to their increase in the amount of shale oil mining , oil and gas production in the United States is now the world 's fastest growing countries , the United States may in the future to achieve " energy independence" ,Ceramic proppant the report even including the United States , Canada, North America , including Mexico, known as the " new Middle East ." Second, with the U.S. foreign oil imports reduced, and many oil-exporting capacity needs through other channels to digest , and absorb the oil exporting countries on China 's surplus production capacity will play a more important role. Third, the pressure on the world's major oil-producing countries are not the same . Now it seems that the U.S. is a major reduction from Nigeria and other countries of the light oil , heavy oil, and for the major export markets of the Gulf countries , the United States still rely heavily on . Because the U.S. dependence on foreign oil decline , the United States is likely to further the future of the existing trading partners to be screened , and for places like Venezuela, the United States "do not like " countries , the United States is also likely to reduce the country 's oil from such imports.
Second, with the development of shale gas on the international energy prices play a role in repression , the United States re-industrialization process will get wheel drive . With the third industrial revolution accelerated process , the U.S. manufacturing sector will largely depend on production efficiency to overcome the disadvantages of scarce labor resources . Meanwhile, the U.S. manufacturing sector will help stabilize energy prices by lowering costs to regain price competitiveness .
Again, will bring new economic growth point , especially with the " shale gas" revolution approaching, the U.S. oil industry once again active. American Gas Association released a study shows that by 2015 ,frac sand companies shale gas on the U.S. contribution to GDP will reach $ 118 billion , about 800,000 Americans will thus get jobs , compared to the U.S. unemployment rate fell 0.5 percentage points.
In addition , the United States leading force in the international energy market opportunities for further strengthening. In the use of financial derivatives speculation , the international speculative capital not only for the energy needs of the United States subject to speculation, but also more energy supply capacity against the United States for speculation . Thus , the international market prices of the long and short of energy conversion pace will be more frequent , will add more uncertainty .
First, the international energy structure changes greatly affected the distribution of the international energy market territory . First, the U.S. position in the international oil market will extend from the demand supply-side direction . Citigroup an analytical report that due to their increase in the amount of shale oil mining , oil and gas production in the United States is now the world 's fastest growing countries , the United States may in the future to achieve " energy independence" ,Ceramic proppant the report even including the United States , Canada, North America , including Mexico, known as the " new Middle East ." Second, with the U.S. foreign oil imports reduced, and many oil-exporting capacity needs through other channels to digest , and absorb the oil exporting countries on China 's surplus production capacity will play a more important role. Third, the pressure on the world's major oil-producing countries are not the same . Now it seems that the U.S. is a major reduction from Nigeria and other countries of the light oil , heavy oil, and for the major export markets of the Gulf countries , the United States still rely heavily on . Because the U.S. dependence on foreign oil decline , the United States is likely to further the future of the existing trading partners to be screened , and for places like Venezuela, the United States "do not like " countries , the United States is also likely to reduce the country 's oil from such imports.
Second, with the development of shale gas on the international energy prices play a role in repression , the United States re-industrialization process will get wheel drive . With the third industrial revolution accelerated process , the U.S. manufacturing sector will largely depend on production efficiency to overcome the disadvantages of scarce labor resources . Meanwhile, the U.S. manufacturing sector will help stabilize energy prices by lowering costs to regain price competitiveness .
Again, will bring new economic growth point , especially with the " shale gas" revolution approaching, the U.S. oil industry once again active. American Gas Association released a study shows that by 2015 ,frac sand companies shale gas on the U.S. contribution to GDP will reach $ 118 billion , about 800,000 Americans will thus get jobs , compared to the U.S. unemployment rate fell 0.5 percentage points.
In addition , the United States leading force in the international energy market opportunities for further strengthening. In the use of financial derivatives speculation , the international speculative capital not only for the energy needs of the United States subject to speculation, but also more energy supply capacity against the United States for speculation . Thus , the international market prices of the long and short of energy conversion pace will be more frequent , will add more uncertainty .
New energy development is the future strategic high ground.
August 1895, Edwin Drake, Lauren Chambers Colonel Titusville, Pennsylvania in the United States the use of advanced drilling tools to find oil, opened the prelude to the era of human oil consumption.Fracturing proppant 100 years later, in April 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama in Pennsylvania when you visit a wind farm in a speech, pushing the U.S. "energy independence" program, the goal is 10 years, U.S. oil imports by one third. Separated by 100 years, seemingly independent of each other two things, in fact, there is a close internal logic.
The discovery of oil for the United States 100 years to dominate the world oil market upper hand. Experienced the first time, World War II, as a major supplier of oil, the United States certainly knew about oil wars role. But in the two Iraq wars, the digital age of information technology, oil is to determine the outcome of the war is no longer the protagonist, the world will see clearly to Americans of course familiar with mystery. Over the years, oil dollar as another face, as well as the dependence on oil consumption, the United States has been moving towards cheap oil. U.S. shale gas revolution reduced dependence on oil consumption, while increasing oil chess Bureau diverted U.S. strategic mobility, low oil prices adversely U.S. new energy industry development, pushing up oil prices rise as China set a higher threshold, etc. . It is obvious that Obama chose the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania, choose to visit a wind farm, and speak about U.S. energy independence subtext is that oil consumption will continue, but increasingly strategic position convergence usual, new energy development strategy for the future ground. At the same time,frac sand the Chinese PV wind power for dual continuously deter speculation and offshore energy carrier channel security, pushing up the price of oil and other resource products to contain China in the oil chess Bureau of Obama's speech is a good comment.
The discovery of oil for the United States 100 years to dominate the world oil market upper hand. Experienced the first time, World War II, as a major supplier of oil, the United States certainly knew about oil wars role. But in the two Iraq wars, the digital age of information technology, oil is to determine the outcome of the war is no longer the protagonist, the world will see clearly to Americans of course familiar with mystery. Over the years, oil dollar as another face, as well as the dependence on oil consumption, the United States has been moving towards cheap oil. U.S. shale gas revolution reduced dependence on oil consumption, while increasing oil chess Bureau diverted U.S. strategic mobility, low oil prices adversely U.S. new energy industry development, pushing up oil prices rise as China set a higher threshold, etc. . It is obvious that Obama chose the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania, choose to visit a wind farm, and speak about U.S. energy independence subtext is that oil consumption will continue, but increasingly strategic position convergence usual, new energy development strategy for the future ground. At the same time,frac sand the Chinese PV wind power for dual continuously deter speculation and offshore energy carrier channel security, pushing up the price of oil and other resource products to contain China in the oil chess Bureau of Obama's speech is a good comment.
2013年8月28日星期三
Shale energy industry is a highly competitive industry
Statoil Bakken shale production breakeven point of near $ 60 a barrel, which is approximately the company's portfolio of projects throughout the world average. This means that oil prices also need to drop a large extent,shale gas will let Bakken shale production became unprofitable.
However, if oil prices have more than enough, shale oil production could respond quickly. In the "traditional" and even large-scale offshore oil project, the vast majority of costs are pre-spending: spending to find oil and deployment of mining facilities. Once this is done, the marginal cost of a barrel of oil is quite low.
In the onshore shale oil project,frac sand companies the cost of drilling a well is much lower (possibly $ 10 million, while the cost of a well deepwater offshore projects as $ 100 million), but the rate of decline in production is also much faster, so needs through continuous drilling to maintain production.
If for whatever reason the world economy back into recession, causing oil prices really started to fall significantly, the U.S. economy of shale oil production will be tested.
With the gradual expansion of shale oil industry, it began to get involved in more challenging storage. For example, in North Dakota, mining increasingly concentrated in Sri Fox reservoir (Three Forks formation), which overlaps with the Bakken shale, but the location is deeper.
On the other hand,ceramic ball shale oil operators are also learning more mining methods, while also improving efficiency. Bakken Shale another large manufacturer, American Independent Petroleum Group Hess (Hess) said it has drilled a well in the local cost from $ 13.4 million a year ago fell in the first quarter of $ 8.6 million. Similarly, Continental Resources Inc. to drill a well last year, the average cost is $ 9.2 million, down $ 8.2 million currently intend.
Improve efficiency in response to the deteriorating geological conditions of competition, Horace said he was "quite optimistic that" manufacturers will catch up to the next decade,Ceramic proppant the breakeven price would come down.
He said: "This is a vibrant and competitive industry. Everyone is trying to progress in learning from each other."
However, if oil prices have more than enough, shale oil production could respond quickly. In the "traditional" and even large-scale offshore oil project, the vast majority of costs are pre-spending: spending to find oil and deployment of mining facilities. Once this is done, the marginal cost of a barrel of oil is quite low.
In the onshore shale oil project,frac sand companies the cost of drilling a well is much lower (possibly $ 10 million, while the cost of a well deepwater offshore projects as $ 100 million), but the rate of decline in production is also much faster, so needs through continuous drilling to maintain production.
If for whatever reason the world economy back into recession, causing oil prices really started to fall significantly, the U.S. economy of shale oil production will be tested.
With the gradual expansion of shale oil industry, it began to get involved in more challenging storage. For example, in North Dakota, mining increasingly concentrated in Sri Fox reservoir (Three Forks formation), which overlaps with the Bakken shale, but the location is deeper.
On the other hand,ceramic ball shale oil operators are also learning more mining methods, while also improving efficiency. Bakken Shale another large manufacturer, American Independent Petroleum Group Hess (Hess) said it has drilled a well in the local cost from $ 13.4 million a year ago fell in the first quarter of $ 8.6 million. Similarly, Continental Resources Inc. to drill a well last year, the average cost is $ 9.2 million, down $ 8.2 million currently intend.
Improve efficiency in response to the deteriorating geological conditions of competition, Horace said he was "quite optimistic that" manufacturers will catch up to the next decade,Ceramic proppant the breakeven price would come down.
He said: "This is a vibrant and competitive industry. Everyone is trying to progress in learning from each other."
High oil prices push shale oil production
Cure expensive "medicine" is expensive in itself.unconventional gas Commodity markets this highly respected folk wisdom in the past decade has been the test of the U.S. oil industry, and only to a certain extent been proved.
High oil prices for the U.S. oil industry's strong revival provided the opportunity. Today, the U.S. oil industry is growing at five years ago could not imagine a way to recover. shale gasThe surge in oil production and help lower global oil prices. Since the summer since 2011, crude oil prices have been in decline.
Prospects for oil prices depends on many factors, including the health of the global economy and OPEC (Opec, referred to as: OPEC) response initiatives.
However, if only from the American point of view, there are indications that, although oil prices are unlikely to return in 2009 of $ 33 per barrel in recent trough (back to 1999 low of less than $ 10 per barrel even more impossible ),Ceramic proppant but it is still about $ 95 per barrel from the current (benchmark West Texas Intermediate crude oil price) levels fall further.
High oil prices for the U.S. oil industry's strong revival provided the opportunity. Today, the U.S. oil industry is growing at five years ago could not imagine a way to recover. shale gasThe surge in oil production and help lower global oil prices. Since the summer since 2011, crude oil prices have been in decline.
Prospects for oil prices depends on many factors, including the health of the global economy and OPEC (Opec, referred to as: OPEC) response initiatives.
However, if only from the American point of view, there are indications that, although oil prices are unlikely to return in 2009 of $ 33 per barrel in recent trough (back to 1999 low of less than $ 10 per barrel even more impossible ),Ceramic proppant but it is still about $ 95 per barrel from the current (benchmark West Texas Intermediate crude oil price) levels fall further.
Step by step development of new technologies
Since the development of the mobile device, the mobility development drilling has increased.hydraulic fracturing With conventional drilling equipment can only move linearly compared to the mobile device is capable of 360 degrees activities. The mobile device capable of 30 ft / hr fast moving, because the device is no longer need to be removed and reinstalled in a new location, not only greatly reduces the time for movement of the device, but also saves costs.
This may be migratory in another multi-platform development drilling technology has a huge role. Simply put,fracturing proppant this means that the same position (platform) have more than one horizontal wells, which can reduce the floor space at the same time to maximize the depth below the surface.
Assuming the same position can play multiple wells, construction management issues will not have to worry:shale gas each well based on their geographical location and geological conditions necessary to conduct an independent investigation, assuming the distance near the well, then they will also be enhanced affinity and thus more easy exploration and exploitation. Increased mobility also means the movement between the platforms easier and bring fewer environmental and capital expenditures.
This may be migratory in another multi-platform development drilling technology has a huge role. Simply put,fracturing proppant this means that the same position (platform) have more than one horizontal wells, which can reduce the floor space at the same time to maximize the depth below the surface.
Assuming the same position can play multiple wells, construction management issues will not have to worry:shale gas each well based on their geographical location and geological conditions necessary to conduct an independent investigation, assuming the distance near the well, then they will also be enhanced affinity and thus more easy exploration and exploitation. Increased mobility also means the movement between the platforms easier and bring fewer environmental and capital expenditures.
2013年8月27日星期二
Shale gas revolution in the energy infrastructure sector activate America
shale gas technology advances make the United States to become the world leader in the field of energy production is one of many large energy companies continue to increase in shale gas exploration and production areas of investment, making the United States energy infrastructure sector performance active. Over the past month, Chicago Bridge Iron and Steel Company's shares soared 20 percent,frac sand companies the U.S. leader in the field of energy infrastructure has become a "stock god" Buffett's favorite.
Analysts believe that the emergence of new drilling techniques to promote the U.S. natural gas output, but also to promote transportation and storage of natural gas companies to expand investment in infrastructure for gas liquefaction and storage, Proppant infrastructure engineering and construction spending growth so that benefit businesses. Estimated U.S. energy infrastructure needs $ 250 billion to $ 350 billion investment, the industry average annual growth rate will reach 8%.
Analysts believe that the emergence of new drilling techniques to promote the U.S. natural gas output, but also to promote transportation and storage of natural gas companies to expand investment in infrastructure for gas liquefaction and storage, Proppant infrastructure engineering and construction spending growth so that benefit businesses. Estimated U.S. energy infrastructure needs $ 250 billion to $ 350 billion investment, the industry average annual growth rate will reach 8%.
Limited impact on short-term and long-term impact of a huge
Short term, the U.S. oil exports more symbolic than practical significance, direct impact is limited. Over the past 10 years, U.S. exports to Canada only a small amount of crude oil ,ceramic ball the annual export volume of 800 million tons ( 2011 data ) . Although domestic oil production capacity improved, but the oil is completely independent from great distance , from a net oil output is out of reach.
One area in North America to achieve energy independence as possible. International Energy Agency (IEA) predicted that output growth in accordance with the current trends, by 2017 , the United States may be more than Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil producer . 2012 , IEA in the " World Energy Outlook" that America's future oil and gas production increases, the global energy landscape will undergo radical changes. In the global energy map of the significant changes in the North American leader. The next 10 years, the U.S. energy self-sufficiency rate will keep rising , it is possible to achieve energy independence within North America ,Unconventional gas that is outside of North America 's energy dependence is reduced to below 5% level.
The second is to speed up the flow of global oil change . With the resource situation changes , technological progress and economic development , global oil and gas production and consumption are adjusting territory among the U.S., EU and Asia 's oil imports three major economic zones gradually clear the main channel . U.S. oil imports have formed the core of the North American , South America, Africa and the Middle East as a complementary pattern. Sides of the Atlantic ( the Americas and West Africa ) became the absolute main foreign oil supplies , the U.S. nearly 70 percent of its oil imports come from the Atlantic .
China , Japan and India, the Asia-Pacific region's oil consuming countries are highly dependent on Middle East oil supplies. Some agencies are expected , the future of China , India and other emerging markets will drive global energy demand continues to be important engine of growth , dependence on Middle East oil will be further deepened.
Third is part of the income of oil-exporting countries affected. U.S. shale oil production rise and increase self-sufficiency , the greatest impact of some of the oil-producing countries in Africa . Since 2010, Africa's crude oil exports to the United States significantly reduced , the U.S. market was originally from Nigeria, Algeria , Angola and other countries of crude shale gas oil was quickly replaced . In 2012, the United States is no longer Angola 's largest oil buyers, imports accounted for only 11% of its total exports , behind China and India.
Fourth, the oil market competition may be more intense. U.S. oil self-sufficiency and export of crude oil increased to improve the international oil market supply, the maintenance of the global energy supply and demand balance and price stability is of great significance . Including the United States OECD ( OECD ) countries, slowing growth in oil consumption occurs or downward trend in global oil supply and demand tight pattern will be mitigated to some extent . However, these countries long-established pattern of high energy consumption in the short term is difficult to change . The oil-consuming countries in the process of reshaping the balance of the oil market , are trying to build and strengthen their own can be driven , secure, stable oil supply system. Under the action of various forces , between developed countries , developing countries , between developed and developing countries around the oil resources of the competition between the long-term will continue to exist, and may under certain conditions tends to be intensified.
One area in North America to achieve energy independence as possible. International Energy Agency (IEA) predicted that output growth in accordance with the current trends, by 2017 , the United States may be more than Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil producer . 2012 , IEA in the " World Energy Outlook" that America's future oil and gas production increases, the global energy landscape will undergo radical changes. In the global energy map of the significant changes in the North American leader. The next 10 years, the U.S. energy self-sufficiency rate will keep rising , it is possible to achieve energy independence within North America ,Unconventional gas that is outside of North America 's energy dependence is reduced to below 5% level.
The second is to speed up the flow of global oil change . With the resource situation changes , technological progress and economic development , global oil and gas production and consumption are adjusting territory among the U.S., EU and Asia 's oil imports three major economic zones gradually clear the main channel . U.S. oil imports have formed the core of the North American , South America, Africa and the Middle East as a complementary pattern. Sides of the Atlantic ( the Americas and West Africa ) became the absolute main foreign oil supplies , the U.S. nearly 70 percent of its oil imports come from the Atlantic .
China , Japan and India, the Asia-Pacific region's oil consuming countries are highly dependent on Middle East oil supplies. Some agencies are expected , the future of China , India and other emerging markets will drive global energy demand continues to be important engine of growth , dependence on Middle East oil will be further deepened.
Third is part of the income of oil-exporting countries affected. U.S. shale oil production rise and increase self-sufficiency , the greatest impact of some of the oil-producing countries in Africa . Since 2010, Africa's crude oil exports to the United States significantly reduced , the U.S. market was originally from Nigeria, Algeria , Angola and other countries of crude shale gas oil was quickly replaced . In 2012, the United States is no longer Angola 's largest oil buyers, imports accounted for only 11% of its total exports , behind China and India.
Fourth, the oil market competition may be more intense. U.S. oil self-sufficiency and export of crude oil increased to improve the international oil market supply, the maintenance of the global energy supply and demand balance and price stability is of great significance . Including the United States OECD ( OECD ) countries, slowing growth in oil consumption occurs or downward trend in global oil supply and demand tight pattern will be mitigated to some extent . However, these countries long-established pattern of high energy consumption in the short term is difficult to change . The oil-consuming countries in the process of reshaping the balance of the oil market , are trying to build and strengthen their own can be driven , secure, stable oil supply system. Under the action of various forces , between developed countries , developing countries , between developed and developing countries around the oil resources of the competition between the long-term will continue to exist, and may under certain conditions tends to be intensified.
Adjust improve energy strategy petroleum self-sufficiency
Primary energy in the United States , only need to import large quantities of oil , enhanced oil supply capacity naturally become energy independent strategy. March 2011 , Obama proposed to reduce by one third by 2025 oil imports new target. In America's future energy supply and security of the three strategies , the " return to the United States oil and gas development ,frac sand companies ensure U.S. energy supply security" is one of the important content , including increased domestic oil and gas production capacity, promote the development of unconventional oil and gas resources .
U.S. to increase domestic oil production focused on two aspects: First, lifting the ban offshore oil ; Second, accelerate the development of onshore shale oil . March 2010 , the United States introduced to expand offshore oil field development project.Ceramic proppant Even in the Gulf of Mexico oil spill incident, the U.S. commitment to accelerate the development of offshore oil did not waver. Meanwhile, thanks to open offshore oil resources , tax breaks and other policy support as well as horizontal wells drilled and hydraulic fracturing technology breakthrough in the so-called " shale gas revolution" under the impetus of U.S. oil production since 2009 to recover, continued to grow.
U.S. Department of Energy estimates , in 2013 , U.S. crude oil , including biofuels and other liquefied hydrocarbon production will reach 1140 million barrels daily , close to 1160 million barrels of Saudi daily production levels . U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data show that in 2010 , the U.S. dependence on foreign oil was 49.3% , down to 50% of the " warning " or less. 2011 dropped to 45% in 2012 to 40 %, the current trend continues.
Oil self-sufficiency in the local ability to continuously improve both the U.S. foreign oil imports are constantly optimize distribution channels , domestic oil supply forward and surrounding areas contraction. In fact, even in the history of the United States it is not highly dependent on Middle East oil imports , North America is the U.S. foreign oil imports first choice. Since Obama took office , the United States imported oil from OPEC countries and the proportion of the total amount substantially reduced, while oil imports from North America the proportion is rising . In 2011, U.S. oil imports from the Middle East is only 95 million tons , accounting for 16.9% of total imports , while imports of crude oil from the Americas increased more than 70% proportion . Currently, the U.S. crude oil imports concentrated in Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela , Iraq and other countries and regions.
Currently , the U.S. energy strategy adjustment achieved great success. As offshore oil and onshore shale gas mass exploitation of oil and gas , energy efficiency and consumption habits, the U.S. dependence on foreign energy demand and tends to decrease . Analysts pointed out that the United States is highly dependent on imports from a country 's energy consumption becomes an increasingly important energy producer and exporter.
U.S. to increase domestic oil production focused on two aspects: First, lifting the ban offshore oil ; Second, accelerate the development of onshore shale oil . March 2010 , the United States introduced to expand offshore oil field development project.Ceramic proppant Even in the Gulf of Mexico oil spill incident, the U.S. commitment to accelerate the development of offshore oil did not waver. Meanwhile, thanks to open offshore oil resources , tax breaks and other policy support as well as horizontal wells drilled and hydraulic fracturing technology breakthrough in the so-called " shale gas revolution" under the impetus of U.S. oil production since 2009 to recover, continued to grow.
U.S. Department of Energy estimates , in 2013 , U.S. crude oil , including biofuels and other liquefied hydrocarbon production will reach 1140 million barrels daily , close to 1160 million barrels of Saudi daily production levels . U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data show that in 2010 , the U.S. dependence on foreign oil was 49.3% , down to 50% of the " warning " or less. 2011 dropped to 45% in 2012 to 40 %, the current trend continues.
Oil self-sufficiency in the local ability to continuously improve both the U.S. foreign oil imports are constantly optimize distribution channels , domestic oil supply forward and surrounding areas contraction. In fact, even in the history of the United States it is not highly dependent on Middle East oil imports , North America is the U.S. foreign oil imports first choice. Since Obama took office , the United States imported oil from OPEC countries and the proportion of the total amount substantially reduced, while oil imports from North America the proportion is rising . In 2011, U.S. oil imports from the Middle East is only 95 million tons , accounting for 16.9% of total imports , while imports of crude oil from the Americas increased more than 70% proportion . Currently, the U.S. crude oil imports concentrated in Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela , Iraq and other countries and regions.
Currently , the U.S. energy strategy adjustment achieved great success. As offshore oil and onshore shale gas mass exploitation of oil and gas , energy efficiency and consumption habits, the U.S. dependence on foreign energy demand and tends to decrease . Analysts pointed out that the United States is highly dependent on imports from a country 's energy consumption becomes an increasingly important energy producer and exporter.
Can not be ignored oil -producing countries
In 2009 more than before by China , the United States has been the world 's largest energy consumer, energy consumption, accounting for about 20% of total energy consumption .Fracturing proppant In the United States, the structure of primary energy consumption , accounting for more than one-third of the oil . Since the 20th century , U.S. oil consumption has been living in the first world , and today remains the world's largest oil consumer and importer status , oil consumption remained at more than 800 million tons , accounting for the proportion of total global oil consumption remains at around 20% . Vast oil consumption capacity has created an enormous demand for oil imports . Since 1985 , the U.S. dependence on oil imports continued to rise, although after peaking in 2006, began to decline, but has remained at about 50%.
Since 1859 the world's first oil well in the United States since the emergence of the oil for modern warfare and the strategic importance of economic development continues to increase. Over the next one hundred years time , oil became the most important source of energy , while the United States rely on the political, economic, military , technological and other comprehensive advantages , has become the dominant player in the international oil market .
According to statistics, during World War I , the United States provided 80% of the Allied demand for oil . During World War II , Allied victory was considered largely due to an adequate supply of oil , most of which comes from the United States. From December 1941 to August 1945 , the United States and its allies were consumed 70 billion barrels of oil , of which about 60 million barrels from the United States .
Since the 1960s , OPEC ( APEC ) and the United States surplus oil production capacity declined , shaking the United States in the world oil system dominance. 1970 U.S. oil production reached 530 million tons ,shale gas then began to decline. But in the decades since then , despite the OPEC and non-OPEC oil-producing countries in the international oil market, when the position of the replacement , but until 1990 , U.S. crude oil production remained at 400 million tons or more. Today, U.S. crude oil production remained at more than 300 million tons , ranking the world's top three.
Notably , the United States or the world's most important oil producer and exporter . U.S. refining capacity of more than frac sand 1700 million barrels day , accounting for about one-fifth of the world . Since 2010 , U.S. oil exports exceed imports , becoming a net exporter of oil . Refined oil has become second only to the second-largest U.S. auto exports .
Since 1859 the world's first oil well in the United States since the emergence of the oil for modern warfare and the strategic importance of economic development continues to increase. Over the next one hundred years time , oil became the most important source of energy , while the United States rely on the political, economic, military , technological and other comprehensive advantages , has become the dominant player in the international oil market .
According to statistics, during World War I , the United States provided 80% of the Allied demand for oil . During World War II , Allied victory was considered largely due to an adequate supply of oil , most of which comes from the United States. From December 1941 to August 1945 , the United States and its allies were consumed 70 billion barrels of oil , of which about 60 million barrels from the United States .
Since the 1960s , OPEC ( APEC ) and the United States surplus oil production capacity declined , shaking the United States in the world oil system dominance. 1970 U.S. oil production reached 530 million tons ,shale gas then began to decline. But in the decades since then , despite the OPEC and non-OPEC oil-producing countries in the international oil market, when the position of the replacement , but until 1990 , U.S. crude oil production remained at 400 million tons or more. Today, U.S. crude oil production remained at more than 300 million tons , ranking the world's top three.
Notably , the United States or the world's most important oil producer and exporter . U.S. refining capacity of more than frac sand 1700 million barrels day , accounting for about one-fifth of the world . Since 2010 , U.S. oil exports exceed imports , becoming a net exporter of oil . Refined oil has become second only to the second-largest U.S. auto exports .
Two years later, the United States re-approved LNG export project divergent meanings behind
17, 2011, DOE conditionally approved Texas "free port" LNG export project, did not intend to sign a free trade agreement with the United States national export LNG, allow the export of 1.4 billion cubic feet per day, for 20 years. This is since May 2011 to the U.S. government approved a similar project again.
There is no doubt that the U.S. is still continuing its " shale gas myth", even IEA in its mid-market report released said the significant increase in oil and gas production in North America to the impact of the global supply chain, will become the next five years The transformative power of the market. Almost everyone is optimistic about the U.S. LNG export prospects, but the Government has been very cautious.
Capital One Financial Corporation analyst Randy Barratier that, although it is approved by the U.S. government after two years LNG export project again, but this will come to the U.S. LNG export policy to relax a bit too hasty conclusions. "A project approval and can not explain too many problems,Unconventional gas besides the size and complexity of the project and other factors will affect the processing speed."
Moody's Investors Service (Moody's Investors Service Inc.), Vice president of m Branch · Mana Bi He also said: "We do not believe that DOE will pursue this release LNG project approval." But she believes that Dominion Resources, Inc., Sempra Energy's LNG export project received the approval of the larger hope.
Currently, there are more than 20 LNG export project is awaiting approval of the DOE, however, about whether the United States should LNG exports, the export volume should discuss issues such as how to control it never stops. Natural Gas LNG export enterprises generally supportive, but industry insiders questioned the U.S. LNG export facilities construction speed can keep up with their pace.
In Freeport before the project, DOE only in May 2011 passed the Cheniere Energy Company is located in Louisiana's Sabine Pass export terminal project. According to U.S. government regulations, to have not signed a free trade agreement with the United States national export natural gas must obtain the approval of the Department of Energy. Insiders believe that this new project approval to release positive signals to the outside world, the United States may be in the future to accelerate the speed of project approval. Washington-based Center for LNG Bill Cooper said this is a good news. "Now the only concern is when we can achieve large-scale LNG exports."fracturing proppant American Petroleum Institute Upstream industry authorities Erik Milito also praised the government made the right decision.
The Freeport project also makes those approved LNG projects to apply for an export license DOE companies see hope. Sempra Energy's CEO Mark Sien in the DOE said after project approval through Freeport, which sent out a positive signal, "Our project is also expected to be adopted soon." Sempra's Cameron LNG export gesep global network of energy saving projects are located in Louisiana Hack Bury, a total investment of 60-70 billion dollars.
There is no doubt that the U.S. is still continuing its " shale gas myth", even IEA in its mid-market report released said the significant increase in oil and gas production in North America to the impact of the global supply chain, will become the next five years The transformative power of the market. Almost everyone is optimistic about the U.S. LNG export prospects, but the Government has been very cautious.
Capital One Financial Corporation analyst Randy Barratier that, although it is approved by the U.S. government after two years LNG export project again, but this will come to the U.S. LNG export policy to relax a bit too hasty conclusions. "A project approval and can not explain too many problems,Unconventional gas besides the size and complexity of the project and other factors will affect the processing speed."
Moody's Investors Service (Moody's Investors Service Inc.), Vice president of m Branch · Mana Bi He also said: "We do not believe that DOE will pursue this release LNG project approval." But she believes that Dominion Resources, Inc., Sempra Energy's LNG export project received the approval of the larger hope.
Currently, there are more than 20 LNG export project is awaiting approval of the DOE, however, about whether the United States should LNG exports, the export volume should discuss issues such as how to control it never stops. Natural Gas LNG export enterprises generally supportive, but industry insiders questioned the U.S. LNG export facilities construction speed can keep up with their pace.
In Freeport before the project, DOE only in May 2011 passed the Cheniere Energy Company is located in Louisiana's Sabine Pass export terminal project. According to U.S. government regulations, to have not signed a free trade agreement with the United States national export natural gas must obtain the approval of the Department of Energy. Insiders believe that this new project approval to release positive signals to the outside world, the United States may be in the future to accelerate the speed of project approval. Washington-based Center for LNG Bill Cooper said this is a good news. "Now the only concern is when we can achieve large-scale LNG exports."fracturing proppant American Petroleum Institute Upstream industry authorities Erik Milito also praised the government made the right decision.
The Freeport project also makes those approved LNG projects to apply for an export license DOE companies see hope. Sempra Energy's CEO Mark Sien in the DOE said after project approval through Freeport, which sent out a positive signal, "Our project is also expected to be adopted soon." Sempra's Cameron LNG export gesep global network of energy saving projects are located in Louisiana Hack Bury, a total investment of 60-70 billion dollars.
Water challenges facing shale gas development under water stress demands of new technology
Accenture recently released "Water and
shale gas development," the report (hereinafter referred to as the report). Reported that the rapid increase in shale gas production has caused widespread concern, the main concern of shale gas development on water resources, roads, air quality, earthquakes and many other areas of greenhouse gas emissions resulting operational impacts. Shale gas wells using hydraulic fracturing technology production process requires large amounts of water, and it will produce more gas than conventional greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the water and emissions concerns, the United States and many parts of Western Europe, shale gas development has encountered great resistance. According to the Energy Information Administration estimated recoverable reserves,Unconventional gas China 1,275,000,000,000,000 cubic feet of shale gas reserves, while China announced after the correction amount of exploration and 882 trillion cubic feet. China shale gas bearing layer depth of 3000-5000 meters, the complex topography. The lack of shale gas development in the short term municipal wastewater treatment facilities. In addition, areas with abundant reserves of shale gas poor surface conditions, population density in some areas of the mountains, which for the exploration and development of shale gas and water transport to bring more problems. Coupled with limited commercial production, water resources and environmental issues or to "Chinese shale gas revolution" cold toppings. Shale gas development in China there is a huge water crisis. National People's Congress of Sichuan Province Development and Reform Commission Li Min has said that shale gas exploitation, requires a lot of water. However, after the use of this water will be some contamination in the process need to be further open up this link.frac sand companies Necessary to solve the water problem, but also the gas mined, and finally also the water recycling.
2013年8月23日星期五
A lot different from the U.S. system
First of land ownership is not the same with the United States, shale gas division of ownership of mineral development are not the same. Public ownership of land, land rights and mineral rights did not achieve separation, the developer is not particularly conducive to numerous non-state-owned enterprises to obtain shale gas resources.
Second, China's natural gas production, transportation, sales have not implemented the vertical separation of management, but there is a strong pipeline transportation of natural gas monopoly, its regulatory framework is also not the same as with the United States.Unconventional gas Since 1993, the United States began to take natural gas production and transportation vertical management model two businesses, developers and carriers will be separated into two separate operating entity, and supervise the implementation of different policies. Intrastate pipeline by state and local legal restrictions, interstate pipelines are subject to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, state, and local laws also apply. Natural gas pipeline operators suppliers to implement non-discriminatory access. Government regulatory pipeline fees, while liberalization of natural gas prices, natural gas producers and users to ensure the pipeline have non-discriminatory access conditions.
Third, exploration and development of shale gas resources environmental pressures facing large than the United States. U.S. sparsely populated, while China Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing and other places more densely populated, large elevation topography, geological disasters, the negative effects of shale gas development significantly. Fracturing well field area is larger, if the future development wells bit more intensive, human disturbance easily induced landslides. And China is a water-scarce countries, shale gas development will not only waste a lot of water, to seize the agricultural water, and even diverted municipal water, but also bring pollution of water resources.
Fourth, the success of shale gas development in the United States and the United States has the world's most open and competitive oil market is closely related to the highest degree,frac sand companies the United States 85% of the oil produced by small and medium companies. In China, the current in the conventional oil and gas resources in the field of exploration and mining rights by PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC and other four major state-owned enterprises and the extension of administrative monopoly, SMEs in the upstream oil and gas field development in an extremely vulnerable position. The monopoly of the institutional and investment subject single, the exclusion of other investors to enter, restricted resources development in the market.
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