High performance ceramsite is a suitable raw materials

High performance ceramsite is a suitable raw materials, ceramsite sand through special processing technology, produced by the different density level, high strength, low porosity, high performance ceramsite is refers to the ceramic proppants strength, bibulous bauxite proppant is low, density smaller roasting or unburned ceramsite. Light aggregate is rich in resources, wide variety. It has natural lightweight aggregate, solid waste light aggregate and artificial light aggregate. According to their formation conditions and performance point of view, can be used in the preparation of high performance concrete only through special processing of high performance ceramsite, foreign generally call it high performance light aggregate, also it can be said for the Gao Jiangtao grain in China, the round spherical ceramsite is USES the granulating disc production. Ceramsite sand grinding powder materials will be first, then add water granulation, made from a ball again for roasting or maintenance. At present our country most of the ceramsite is this species.

High temperature flue gas purification with pore gradient design

High temperature flue gas purification with pore gradient design, preparation and properties of high temperature ceramic fiber membrane filtration technology is an important part of industrial emissions and environmental engineering, and high temperature ceramic ultralight weight material is the core and key of high temperature liquid separation and purification. Therefore, this study based on the preparation of low filter resistance, high separation efficiency, and has good high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, thermal shock features such as pore gradient ceramic fiber membrane, it will be on the high temperature gas such as high temperature flue gas purification treatment and environmental protection is of great significance. On the basis of the reading of resin coated frac sand amount of literature, and through the hole gradient ceramic fiber membrane using the environment requirements and preparation conditions of comprehensive analysis, design and determine the support material, ceramic fiber type and high temperature binder, the key points of the choice of pore-forming agent, and according to the high temperature dust gas particle test results and the size of the situation, determine the fiber membrane pore gradient ceramics ceramic fiber separation layer, transition layer and the pore diameter of porous ceramic membrane support matching elements. System to study the fiber membrane pore gradient ceramics with the method of preparation of porous ceramic membrane support, for the first time the heat shock casting molding process, and by adjusting the process parameters of preparation of the high temperature resistance, good thermal stability, high porosity and permeability of small resistance, high strength, large aperture cordierite porous ceramic membrane support, and study the micropore of porous ceramic membrane support performance especially aperture effect the performance of the film and film layer.

The performance of the ceramsite sand related knowledge

According to the light aggregate and the test method of GB/T 17431.1-1998 new standards, Gao Jiangtao sand refers to the structure strength of symbols is not less than 25 mpa with light coarse aggregate. Their level of technical requirements in addition to the density, label tube pressure strength, strength, bibulous rate is a specific index, other indicators (grain size distribution, softening coefficient, grain shape coefficient, harmful substance content, etc.) the same as the super light, general ceramsite. Large production Gao Jiangtao when yield, low energy consumption, high added value, sales price super light natural gas fracturing ceramsite, ordinary high 50%. Prepared with ceramic proppants Jiangtao grain of high grade and prestressed lightweight aggregate concrete must be homogeneous. High performance ceramsite sand is refers to the high strength, bibulous rate is low, density smaller roasting or unburned ceramsite. Light aggregate is rich in resources, wide variety. It has natural lightweight aggregate, solid waste light aggregate and artificial light aggregate. According to their formation conditions and performance point of view, can be used in the preparation of high performance concrete only through special processing of high-performance ceramsite.

When it comes to the difference between the ceramsite equipment and ceramsite sand equipment, we must talk about the equipment to produce frac sand companies and ceramsite sand: the difference between the particle size, particle than ceramsite ceramsite sand particles is much larger, ceramsite grain size is usually 5 ~ 20 mm, the biggest can reach 25 mm, ceramsite are commonly used to replace the gravel and pebbles in concrete; And ceramsite sand is a kind of ceramic particle products, fineness of grain size is much smaller, and has the very high fracturing strength, mainly used for oil well under oil fracturing proppant, in order to increase the output of oil and gas, belongs to the environmental protection product, specific can see: oil fracturing proppant production process. From the raw material, no difference with ceramsite ceramsite sand, frac sand is also same, does not use the technology and equipment of discharging size is slightly different. Remember the last time send the site to a consulting ceramsite equipment customers, customer should say your website is ceramsite sand equipment, no ceramsite equipment, actually the difference between both devices are small, so the customer can visit our kaiyuan machinery ceramsite sand equipment project network time to pay attention to, this site related words are: ceramsite, ceramsite production line equipment, ceramsite sand equipment, ceramsite sand production line, etc., about my company to the customer to do case, can see: ceramsite sand equipment successful cases. Process, for example, 80 ~ 80 cubic ceramsite sand equipment used are: jaw crusher, ceramsite sand mill, mixer (with chrome), (optional) adhesive mixing barrel, the double helix conveyer, strong pressure ball machine, when output is large, using ceramsite sand pelletizer is used when the FU chain conveyor.

The purpose of the ceramsite

Ceramsite has excellent performance, such as low density, high cylinder pressure strength, high porosity, high softening coefficient, good frost resistance, resistance to JianJiLiao excellent reactivity, and so on. Especially frac sand of the ceramsite density is small, internal porous, morphology, composition is uniform, and with a certain intensity and strong, thus has light weight, corrosion-resistant, antifreeze, and other multi-functional characteristics of seismic and well insulated. Using ceramsite these excellent performance, it can be widely used and building materials, gardening, food and beverage, fire-resistant insulation materials, chemical industry, petroleum and other departments, application field is more and more widely, and is still rising. At the beginning of the ceramsite invention and production, it is mainly used in building materials field, due to the continuous development of technology and people to know more deeply, the fracturing proppant of the ceramsite ceramsite already more than building materials this traditional scope of application of expanding its application in new areas. Applications of ceramsite in building materials, now has fallen to 80%, from 100% in other aspects of the application, has accounted for 20%. With the continuous development of new application of ceramsite, it will gradually increase the proportion of in other ways. Particles is all over the world to get fast development, because it has other materials do not have many excellent properties, the excellent performance, the excellent performance make it has the effect cannot be replaced by other materials. These excellent performance has the following several aspects. Density is small, light ceramsite its bulk density is less than 1100 kg/m3, generally is 300 ~ 300 kg/m3. Made with ceramsite as aggregate concrete density is 1100 ~ 1800 kg/m3, the corresponding concrete compressive strength is 30.5 ~ 40.0 Mpa. The biggest characteristic of ceramsite is appearance is hard, and there are many pores inside. These microporous give the haydite lightweight properties. 200 lytag concrete density is about 1600 kg/m3, and the same label of the density of ordinary concrete is up to 2600 kg/m3, both differ 1000 kg/m3. Heat preservation, heat insulation ceramsite due to internal porous, so has good insulation, the thermal conductivity of concrete prepared with it, as a general rule, be 0 ~ 0.8 W/(m, k), 1 ~ 2 times lower than the normal concrete. So, ceramsite architecture has good thermal environment.

The classification of the ceramsite

The classification of the ceramsite:

A. According to the raw material classification:

(1) the shale ceramsite ceramsite (3) and (2) clay gangue frac sand companies (4) (5) rubbish lytag ceramsite (6) the biological sludge ceramsite (7) river sediment ceramsite

2. According to the intensity of classification:

Gao Jiangtao (1) (2) super light ceramsite

3. According to the frac sand of classification:

(1) the average density of ceramsite (2) the density of lightweight ceramsite ceramsite (3), light density

4. According to the shape classification:

(1) the crushed stone form spherical ceramsite ceramsite (2) the circle (3) the cylindrical ceramsite

5. According to the performance of classification:

(1) high performance ceramsite (2) general performance ceramsite

Hydraulic fracturing is to use the ground high pressure pump

Hydraulic fracturing is to use the ground high pressure pump, through the wellbore to squeeze oil layer with high viscosity of frac sand fluid. When the injection rate of fracturing fluid exceeds the absorptive capacity of the reservoir, the reservoir is formed on a high pressure on bottom, when the pressure is more than near the bottom of a well fracture pressure of reservoir rocks, reservoir pressure will be open and cracks. Then, on and on to reservoir squeeze fracturing fluid, cracks will continue to expand inside the reservoir. To keep the pressure on cracks in the open state, then to the reservoir into with proppant carrying fluid (usually quartz sand), after carrying fluid into the cracks, cracks on the one hand, can make its way, on the other hand can have open cracks, so that it is not closed. Then into the displacement fluid, the carrying fluid of wellbore entirely replace into the cracks, prop up the cracks with quartz sand. Finally, the injection of high viscosity fluid will fracturing proppant degrade the discharge shaft, left one or more of the oil length, width and height of crack and reservoir and established a new fluid passage between the wellbore. After fracturing, the output of oil and gas Wells are generally increase substantially. It can be generated in various stages of organic origin on the subject of natural gas in free phase (about 50%), very little stored in dissolved state in kerogen, asphalt and oil. Natural gas are also present in the interlayer of siltstone, silty mudstone, argillaceous siltstone, sandstone formation even. After gas generated in the source rock in the nearby gathered themselves together, and show the typical shale gas on the patterns of in situ, with a greater difference between shale, tar sands, asphalt, etc. Different from conventional gas reservoir, shale is gas generation of source rocks, and gather and save gas reservoir and cap rock. As a result, high organic matter content of black shale, such as high carbon mudstone is often the best conditions for shale gas development

Fracturing proppant is a kind of ceramic particle product, has the very high fracturing strength

Fracturing proppant is a kind of ceramic particle product, has the very high fracturing frac sand, mainly used for oilfield downhole support, in order to increase the output of oil and gas, environmental protection products. This product use high quality bauxite and other raw materials, ceramic sintering and become, is a natural quartz sand, glass balls, metal balls substitute for middle and lower strength proppant, to produce more oil and gas has a good effect. Oil and natural gas deep well drilling, high closure pressure and low permeability ore deposit after fracturing treatment, split oil and gas layers, oil and gas from collecting in the crack formation of the channel. With ceramsite support material with high pressure solution into the strata filling in rock fractures, supporting crack because of the action of stress release and closed, so as to maintain a high diversion ability, make the oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that using ceramsite proppant fracturing of oil Wells can improve the production of 30-50%, still can prolong oil and gas well service life

Fracturing proppant can be widely used in deep well, high pressure oil and gas layer fracturing. By the high quality bauxite as main raw materials made of fine ground into powder, match with various additives, fracturing proppant practice, granulating, polishing, high temperature sintering, the product has high crushing strength, low density, good sphericity, high smoothness, diversion ability, etc. Supported by the oil exploration and development research institute of China langfang branch evaluation laboratory tests, each performance index of SY/T5108-2006 completely, / T6302-1997 standards, is at a leading level hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracturing method), also known as hydraulic fracturing method. An absolute stress measuring method. When measuring the first take a bedrock exposed drilling, sealed on both ends up and down with the packer, Pressure and injection liquid, until hole wall burst, and record the pressure changes over time, and using the mold or downhole television observation fracture azimuth. According to the record of pump pressure and the fracture azimuth, fracture pressure and close using the corresponding formula to calculate the stress size and direction of the landlord.

between the floors and bearing capacity

Ceramsite used frac sand floors, bedding, kitchen toilet cushion, moistureproof layer super light ceramsite cushion can be used to improve the heat preservation, heat insulation, sound insulation between the floors and bearing capacity; A flexible and convenient to take cover engineering of the pipeline layout and installation. Used for moistureproof layer also can prevent the floor ground return; Keep dry and floors, to protect all kinds of wooden floor, plastic board, ceramic floor deformation, not faded and moisture-proof, waterproof basement is quite good, and to reduce the building load, greatly reduce the cost of housing construction.frac sand companies cushion layer for square, stadium runway super light ceramsite used in overhead square, driveway, cushion, playground, runway, roof garden can reduce load, moisture, reduce the deformation coefficient, etc.

MaiDeTao cracked proppant grain has the very high fracturing strength

MaiDeTao cracked proppant, has the very high fracturing strength, mainly used for oilfield downhole support, in order to increase the output of oil and gas. Deep well drilling, oil and gas with proppant with high pressure solution into the formation rock fissure filling, the fracturing treatment of high closure, split oil and gas formation, supporting fissure is not closed due to the stress release, thus maintain high flow conductivity of oilfrac sand gas, increase the oil and gas production. Luoyang MaiDeTao grain co., LTD., use local advantageous high quality bauxite resources, after crushing, grinding, granulating and high temperature sintering and other manufacturing, high temperature, high fracturing proppant resistance, high strength, characteristics of diverting capacity, good service in oil and gas fracturing.

Shale gas, a state with a free or adsorption hiding in unconventional gas in shale and mudstone layer

Shale gas, a state with a free or adsorption hiding in unconventional gas in shale and mudstone layer, is becoming a stirring power in the world market. This is the international energy industry is called "game changer" gas, greatly changed the pattern of energy of the world. Especially occurs in unconventional gas in shale. Shale is dense rock, so it can also be classified as dense atmosphere. Industrial development success only for North America (mainly the United States). It began in the Appalachian basin of devonian system shale, as the dark brown or black, rich organic matter, but a lot of angry. Reservoir space is given priority to with cracks, and in the frac sand of adsorbed gas and water soluble gas occurrence, for low (negative) pressure, low saturation (30%), and thus provide sustainable. But in the fracture development zone, to obtain the higher yields underground explosions and fracturing renovation measures such as protection results. In the mid - 1990 - s has been expanded to Michigan and Illinois basin, the reservoir and expand to the carboniferous shale, output of 8.4 billion cubic meters. The resource of trillions of cubic meters. Sinopec in guizhou east, southern anhui, 7 5 appraisal well in northeast sichuan, including industrial air 2 Wells, optimizing the building fracturing proppant and huang ping blocks south. Cnooc in anhui and zhejiang and other regions to carry out the shale gas exploration in the early stage of the work. Extension of the oil in 3 Wells in yan 'an region of shaanxi province continental shale gas discovery. Zhonglian proposes ShouYang coal in shanxi qinshui basin, qinyuan and jincheng three areas favorable for shale gas. In November 2012, the national support for shale gas development and utilization of subsidy policy, regulations over the next three years the central fiscal subsidies for shale gas companies to give subsidies standard is 0.4 yuan/cubic meter. Subsidy standard come on stage will stimulate the shale gas frac sand companies demand, help industry development to speed up the progress.

Shale gas is indeed tempting cakes blocks

Shale gas is the energy sector in recent years ranked first in the world of keywords, but also by the Chinese people have heard more and more understanding. U.S. shale gas  production in the rapid growth of the past few years, is considered to be an energy revolution. In the United States Department of Energy report, China's shale gas reserves in the world.

China on the exploitation of shale gas spirits when, some industry experts and industry to pour cold water on this website that China can not be fooled by the United States, or even that that in itself is a conspiracy, trap. In the end how to treat this might reshape the national economic structure, as well as social life energy revolution?

Shale gas is indeed tempting cakes blocks

Shale gas made great contributions to the U.S. economy,frac sand compared to China's natural gas utilization is low and the high dependence on foreign

Shale gas, layman's terms is stored in the shale gas, and we usually cook a bath with natural gas is no different, the main component is methane, but more difficult to develop. The combustion of natural gas off than burning oil less greenhouse gases produced about half of the energy is much higher cleanliness. Meanwhile, gas prices much cheaper than oil. Therefore, the high cost.

With shale gas production steadily increased, the United States hardly needs of foreign imports of natural gas, later also can be exported
2007, blowout in shale gas production, driven by the rapid growth of the U.S. natural gas production, oversupply trend, natural gas prices from $ 8 per thousand cubic feet all the way down to the 2012 $ 2 (about 1000 cubic feet equal to 28.3 cubic meters).

Whether Chinese, Japanese, or European countries, the price of gas more expensive than the United States. It also contributed significantly to many American industrial sector energy costs.ceramic ball In addition, the exploitation of shale gas but also for chemical companies to provide ethane and other raw materials, such as Dow Chemical intended only to build a new plant in the Middle East, and finally in the United States built a.

Consulting firm IHS data show the U.S. shale gas revolution, the rapid development of the chemical industry and has created 1.7 million jobs. So, whether it is the U.S. economy or the lives of ordinary people have benefited from shale gas. University of Houston finance professor Edward - Hess participated in the preparation of a report on the U.S. economy in 2011 alone is estimated to benefit from low gas prices more than 100 billion U.S. dollars.

And China's natural gas in the energy consumption structure in the proportion of very low, only 4%, lower than the world average of nearly 20 percentage points. Meanwhile,Fracturing proppant the foreign dependency quite high, in 2011, 24.3 per cent is imported. Many people may wonder shale gas in China to become a "trap"

Shale gas set off an energy revolution

U.S. shale oil supply shocks shift the global balance of power, shale oil production of economic value added, but critics say the environmental costs are also increasing.
U.S. shale oil reserves will rise in new and existing between manufacturers change the global balance of power in the next five years, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA),Fracturing proppant the U.S. will account for one-third of the new energy supply, the United States will change from the world's leading net exporter of oil-importing countries.
Changes in demand for oil will slow oil imports from the Middle East oil-producing results.
"North American off a supply shock, sending ripples around the world," the International Energy Agency Executive Director Maria van der Hoeven.
According to the International Energy Agency predicts that the surge in production capacity we will reshape the entire industry, mainly through the agency twice a year for the next five years, the trend of oil supply and demand report and famous.
IEA said in 2015 the U.S. is expected to replace Russia as the world's largest producer of natural gas, in 2035 will become the "all use of shale gas and self-sufficiency" of the country,ceramic ball we rise in production volume means the world to the traditional oil-producing countries - Middle East and OPEC (OPEC) will soon end,
According to the International Energy Agency, from 2012 to 2018 will take place in the traditional non-opec countries increased 390 million barrels of oil per day, accounting for about two thirds of the growth is expected.
At the same time, global oil demand will increase by 8%, will be dominated by non-OPEC supply, the report says the International Energy Agency is still expected in the next five years, the production capacity in the Middle East Peck suppliers continued growth, but hopefully slowing down.
It is easy to understand Lida market report, OPEC production capacity holds 35% of global oil output is expected to increase 1.75 million barrels per day to 3,675 barrels in 2018 to approximately 750 million barrels more than the IEA forecast for 2012 less.
Sharp rise in U.S. oil production is largely derived from shale oil products, it is hailed by many energy savior.frac sand Hydraulic fracturing, blasting water under high pressure shock release oil shale rock (or gas), this method has been very mature in the United States, but critics point out the oil shale environmental problems such as high water use and possible water pollution, the release of methane and to a lesser extent caused by the seismic drilling.

Shale gas: American Capital "conspiracy"

31 years ago, George - Michelle (GeorgeMitchell) and his engineers Michel energy company, has been looking to extract natural gas from shale approach. Until 1998, 80-year-old Michelle in hydraulic fracturing technology has made a success for the U.S.  shale gas  revolution laid the foundation.

Almost overnight, shale gas revolution sweeping the globe, the U.S. technology has been used around the world.

"But, both in the United States, or in the world, this is a controversial technology." Lifetime interview, Michelle was not confused. This technology is still a lot of questions left to the world:Unconventional gas it will consume a lot of water? It brings the U.S. "small earthquakes continue to"? Its cost is not too high? ......

Larger question that the U.S. shale gas revolution is in fact a hoax, a foreign expert in scientific journals issued a document that,fracturing proppant in the first year of operation, shale gas production declined by 60 percent to 90 percent.

Shale gas development is also considered face huge financial obstacles. "Drilling being destroyed at an alarming rate of capital, drilling company left a mountain of debt, while the decline has begun to wreak havoc in order to avoid disrupting descent rate income statement, the company had more drilling new wells, old wells yield decline. "" The New York Times "in 2011, a survey pointed out that the U.S. oil industry surface optimistic,Proppant but" in private but then shale gas skeptical. " "Shale gas bubble will collapse sooner or later." In this case, the U.S. export to China, "shale gas revolution" even considered to be the capital of the United States "conspiracy."

The next "two rooms crisis"?

Shale gas is the dream of American energy independence provides a paintbrush.

2004-2009, the annual growth rate of U.S.  shale gas  reached 40% or more, and a few hundred billion cubic meters per year increment blowout. In 2012, the U.S. shale gas accounted for the total amount of natural gas increased from 1% in 2000 to 37 per cent to 265.3 billion cubic meters, almost the whole of China's annual consumption of natural gas (about 150 billion cubic meters) twice .

Shale gas can change the energy world situation do? Even the Americans themselves do not believe.

In recent years, as the U.S. natural gas prices continued to fall, shale gas development increasingly slim profit margins,Ceramic proppant or even unprofitable. American business people began to turn to higher prices and interest can also use technology to exploit shale gas unconventional oil - shale oil. Last year, the U.S. shale gas industry showed a decline, many companies verge of bankruptcy, shut down a lot of wells.

"The New York Times", "Foreign Policy" and other U.S. media have questioned some even likened the U.S. shale gas industry under a "two rooms crisis." They believe that the U.S. shale gas industry, thanks to the rise of large-scale entry of international capital, but capital into obscures vast resources of shale gas industry lapse rate (number of wells is often only one or two years of life) the biggest problem .frac sand companies This makes shale gas high production costs. Nevertheless, pre-complex financing agreement has forced many companies to bite continues shale gas production, which also makes a lot of companies saddled with huge liabilities.

Shale gas industry, once the bubble burst, a large number of shale gas company's debt crisis will probably form a plague-like financial crisis.

Prospects for the development of shale gas analysis

 Some time ago by the mad chase market funds  shale gas  stocks recently collective cold, reportedly because of a lot of the company's controlling shareholder and senior big company stock holdings. September this year will mark the second time shale gas tender, the tender related stocks before the collective diving, will produce what kind of impact the tender? What are the prospects of the development of shale gas?
The United States is currently the world's most successful exploitation of shale gas in the country. Shale gas development largely reduce the U.S. dependence on imported oil and improve the structure of its energy supply. In 2009, the United States more than Russia became the world's largest producer of natural gas. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicts that by 2021 the United States will become a net exporter of natural gas. U.S.frac sand shale gas development led to the success of shale gas exploration worldwide attention.
America's success has made many other countries to follow suit. Russia announced that it will actively respond to the challenges U.S. shale gas development, Poland, Great Britain, Italy, Norway and China and so began to increase shale gas investment. China has rich shale gas resources, and begin to strengthen international cooperation to accelerate shale gas exploration and development.
China is in the urbanization, industrialization stage of development, in the last decade, natural gas consumption showed a double-digit growth, while China's energy supply sustainability and stability is experiencing a tremendous challenge. Faced with an increasingly daunting pressure to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, China's energy consumption reduction targets but also by the constraints (to 2020, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP than in 2005 dropped 40% - 45%). And now provides 70% of domestic energy consumption compared to coal, shale gas cleaner and fewer emissions. Therefore, the development of shale gas will not only help expand the scale of natural gas supply, but also to meet our future energy structure adjustment direction. With the rapid growth in demand for natural gas as well as the transition to low-carbon energy mix,Proppant the development of shale gas also seems to be an inevitable choice for China's energy industry.
 
At present, China's shale gas exploration and development technology is relatively weak. To achieve technological catch the short term, the relevant policy support is essential. The U.S. government on shale gas development and utilization of the implementation of tax incentives and give some subsidies. Relatively speaking, China's shale gas development and utilization of a lack of systemic support, including lack of proper strategic planning and supporting strategic planning support policy.Ceramic proppant This may cause the associated enterprises lack sufficient funds or of shale gas exploration and development without enthusiasm. In the appropriate government incentives, foreign shale gas development and utilization of the technology gap can be quickly reduced.

Natural gas prices are affecting China an important factor in the development of shale gas

Natural gas prices are affecting China an important factor in the development of  shale gas  . At present, the domestic gas price is much lower than the international prices . Our increasing dependence on imported natural gas , domestic gas prices increase pressure for reform . December 2011 , the National Development and Reform Commission decided in Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to carry natural gas pricing reform.
And other price reforms , like natural gas price reform will also face many difficulties . The most important aspect of the process of the natural gas market , how to balance the interests of all parties ( including governments, businesses and the end consumer , etc. ) .
For example , the domestic gas prices may rise sharply therefore , is one of the important issues. Efficient natural gas pricing mechanism reform to China's shale gas development can provide a better environment for development. Of course, the development of shale gas in turn,fracturing proppant can increase the supply of natural gas to reduce pressure on domestic gas prices .
Rising international oil prices and growing dependence on imported natural gas , could force the Chinese government to formulate specific policies to encourage the development of shale gas . However, we need to pay special attention to the development of shale gas , the environmental risks. There are many American shale gas to underground and surface water resources in the discussion of the potential risks . In China, water is a very poor country, if shale gas water hazards , then , its development will be greatly limited. Limited by resource extraction in the external environment , shale gas development process can not simply rely on the enterprise environment is obviously self-discipline . Three aspects of policy instruments must also be put in place : the relevant laws and regulations, strict supervision , and related penalties.
Exploitation of shale gas is still in its infancy. Although China's current estimates of shale gas reserves are not yet agreed , but there is no doubt that the development of shale gas will increase the supply of natural gas and reduce our dependence on imported natural gas .
For the market, the short-term shale gas is indeed just a concept, to assess the possible inputs and outputs a matter of opinion ,ceramic ball investors need to be cautious. To achieve large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas and the formation of relatively good efficiency, but also take quite a long time. But we will see the rise of shale gas . Therefore , without worrying about shale gas second tender , because the market in addition to speculators , there are many investors with strategic vision .

Shale oil and gas ≠ shale gas shale oil +

China's oil and gas industry saw a " shale oil " is , this description is mined from shale gas and shale with this symbiosis, associated shale oil . " Shale gas " read together fluently ,Ceramic proppant in fact, the basic concepts confused confusion . First, shale gas extraction from shale , there are symbiotic with shale gas , associated crude production, be mistaken for shale oil , in fact, dense oil. Currently people on shale oil, tight oil has a different understanding of the meaning , so the shale oil and tight oil in the use of terminology misunderstanding and controversy. Shale and tight rock in scientific research , it will be divided into broad and narrow shale oil , tight oil also will be divided into broad and narrow , but in practice, the two meanings of concise , making it easy to understand. Tight oil and shale oil are both unconventional oil , because of its dense reservoir permeability is extremely poor with conventional technology can not achieve economic development . Tight oil , is in English "tightoil" Chinese translation ,frac proppant also known as light tight oil , shale gas in the production zone of the use of horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing to produce mature oil . From the dense layer and mined oil shale are tight oil . The shale oil corresponding English is "shaleoil", is produced from oil shale oil , also known as kerogen oil , is stranded in the crude oil source rocks , without the migration of immature oil . Oil shale must be heated through artificial hydrogenation by distillation of crude oil extracted from oil shale is similar , also known as synthetic oil . Dense oil in the oil quality the same as the conventional reservoir , all belong to light crude oil and shale oil is a heavy oil , which is the difference between the API gravity and viscosity difference and extracted in different ways. Two different production locations , tight oil from underground mining , and oil shale retorting on the ground . Tight oil need to use horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing technology in order to achieve economic exploitation, and shale gas production in the same way . The main use of the ground retorting oil shale production method , production can be divided into internal combustion , thermal cycling solid France , next door to the heat transfer method, an external injection of hot gas , reaction fluid method for internal combustion -based, China's use of Fushun distillation method . Shale oil is mainly in China , Brazil, Russia and Estonia production . In addition, while many media that the U.S. shale gas and shale oil production ranks first in the world . This statement is also problematic. 2011 China produced about 650,000 tons of shale oil , ranking first in the world .frac sand companies So called "America's shale gas and shale oil production ranks first in the world ," no data to support the foundation . The United States is the largest producer of shale gas , tight oil production is also accompanied by big country , but it is a small country of shale oil production ; China is the largest producer of shale oil , shale gas production is a small country .

The most important thing is the Asian energy security issues

Asia is the world's largest and most dynamic energy market , it therefore has a global responsibility .
Asia 's rapid economic growth to promote its huge energy consumer demand. However, due to the release into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide emissions in the coming decades may be doubled ,Hydraulic fracturing Asia 's high dependence on fossil fuels is likely to cause significant adverse environmental damage.
It is estimated that due to urbanization and there are more sources of energy , Asia's share of total global energy consumption, the proportion may be increased to one-third from the current 50% to 2035 . The Asian Development Bank said that under the current energy structure situation in Asia ,Proppant Asia 's oil consumption may rise double natural gas consumption may be increased by two , while coal consumption could rise by 80%.
Asian challenge is on the one hand and the need to allow for sustainable energy policies to promote the continuous development of the economy , on the other hand are available so that people can be cheap energy .
Solve these politically sensitive energy issues can be difficult, but as long as policy makers to show creativity and determination , these problems are not insurmountable . This also requires governments in the region between the concerted action .
Asia's new energy policy direction has been very clear , mainly related to three aspects .
The first is to use clean energy to replace fossil fuels, especially oil and coal . Shale gas is an option. China has the world's largest reserves of shale gas potential . If it can be successfully resolved hydraulic fracturing involves water and pollution problems , it can reduce the heavy use of coal .
Despite the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident , nuclear power is still economically viable solution. As long as the non-proliferation , waste management and security progress , Asia is likely to expand use of nuclear energy .
Should also pay more attention to local development of new green energy technologies or transfer of those technologies developed problems . From advanced technology solutions , including urbanization economies electricity storage and smart grid , until in poor agriculture-based countries, the basic energy off-grid power systems . Use of clean energy costs by introducing or expanding greenhouse gas emissions tax or carbon emissions trading mechanism to resolve.
The second key issue is energy subsidies . In some countries, due to government regulations tariff is lower than generation costs ,frac sand does not properly reflect energy costs, thus distorting the price structure , resulting in rapid growth in electricity demand .
It will not play a role in encouraging the efficient use of energy , especially in the power-hungry industries. Subsidized and affordable energy will not encourage investment in the electricity industry , because it would bring the power companies a heavy financial burden , and even cause their loss . As for the people to provide gasoline and other basic fuel subsidies , more severe deficits in some countries .
Reduce subsidies to reduce energy demand while helping to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In general, Asian countries should adopt market-based pricing policies to encourage energy efficiency and reduction of oil and other fossil fuels imports. In some cases , if a fuel subsidy is specifically targeted at the poor , in order to prevent social unrest or encourage technological breakthroughs , you can retain this subsidy.
As the world's proven oil imports accounted for only 9% of oil reserves , so the problem of oil imports is particularly important for Asia . However, according to current trends, oil imports are expected in the next 20 years will be increased by two , so that Asia is more vulnerable to external supply crisis.
Finally, it should be like in Europe, efforts to promote pan-Asian energy market integration, including under uniform regulations, standards and pricing policies will be national grid.
This is certainly a daunting task. Asia is not similar to the European Union as a political framework . Moreover , the Asian region is vast , diverse geographic features , from the mountains to the sea has been so with relatively compact compared to Europe , Asia energy cooperation to harder .
But with Asia continue to strengthen the construction of regional economic groupings , such as ASEAN and China in Northeast Asia , Japan and South Korea to establish a free trade area between energy policy coordination is likely to be carried out .
We hope that will be held in October in Daegu, South Korea at the World Energy Congress will also provide the region's energy ministers,unconventional gas CEOs and energy companies to provide an opportunity and a platform for researchers , as can be about how to overcome the Asian challenge their energy to make the discussion valuable contribution .

At present, Sino-US cooperation in the field of climate change and what favorable conditions , and what challenges ?

U.S. Energy Information Administration 's latest data show that in 2012 , the U.S. fossil fuel combustion carbon dioxide emissions compared with the previous year dropped again , and since 1994 reached the lowest level . There are many reasons behind this phenomenon ,ceramic ball in addition to the continued economic downturn in the United States , and the United States to improve energy efficiency standards for cars , and I want to emphasize is that the U.S. unconventional oil and gas sector ( especially shale gas industry ) revolutionary change , are profoundly changing the U.S. and global energy map .
Shale gas revolution led to the American natural gas production and consumption grow very quickly, of natural gas in primary energy consumption in the United States the proportion of 22% from 2006 to 2011, the rapid growth of 26 percent. On the other hand , shale gas industry in the horizontal drilling , hydraulic fracturing and micro- seismic monitoring other areas of technology breakthroughs, has also led to the development of U.S. shale oil industry , U.S. energy security so much improved from dependence on foreign oil in 2005 to 60% now down to about 40%.
These changes in the United States to China-US Cooperation on Climate Change has brought no small opportunity, the United States and emission reduction pressure decreases , there is spare capacity and interest the international emission reduction transactions. At the same time ,Ceramic proppant Chinese shale gas technically recoverable reserves ranked first in the world , according to assessment . In view of shale gas in the United States the great success of the two countries in question will shale gas development has a great space for cooperation. In addition, oil security , nuclear power development, energy trading and new energy development and other fields, China-US cooperation in space is in fact not small .
For China , the Sino-US cooperation in the field of climate , it is now both challenges and opportunities . In recent years, rapid growth in China's greenhouse gas emissions . I have recently preliminary estimate, China 2012 carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuel combustion emissions , more than the U.S. national carbon emission levels for more than half ; just fired carbon emissions will exceed U.S. carbon dioxide emissions nationwide nearly 30% . These figures are very alarming . Rapid growth in China's carbon emissions from this perspective, China is quite stressful .
However, if you look at the issue from a different angle , Chinese coal in primary energy accounted for nearly 70% of China 's development model is now over-reliance on high energy consumption ,frac sand companies high emission of heavy industry , and whether it is coal or high energy-consuming industries , if you want to reduce row there are still many policy and technical means , so I often say that China on the issue of the energy saving many challenges , not a bad idea from another angle as the opportunity to look at.

Local conditions to achieve technological breakthroughs

Many industry insiders estimate that by 2030 China 's oil import dependency will reach 70% , which will draw on China's energy security a big question mark , then the recent shale gas heat could slow China 's dependence on foreign energy it ?
Shale gas heat has been sweeping across the land of China , but the controversy is also growing.  shale gas  in China to estimate the geographical environment , and its higher mining costs , profitability short term is not satisfactory. However, due to the massive increase in China's emerging middle class , the future demand for energy will increase significantly , will promote the development of shale gas industry . Medium and long term , shale gas will provide China with adequate energy .fracturing proppant In order to better exploit shale gas , China should learn from other countries based on the model , to further improve the domestic regulatory regime , especially on environmental issues .
Currently, shale gas has caused pollution problems in Europe and the United States has aroused strong controversy , to which China can not be ignored . Recently, the Chinese frequently purchased oil and gas assets in North America , especially on shale gas exploitation of oil and gas companies have the expertise , the rapid development of shale gas in China hopes the vision of course is good , but some of the problems that must be addressed.
Used in shale gas fracking , to be pumped into underground rock formations causing cracks in high-pressure liquid to harvest oil and gas . These high-pressure liquid is often mixed with sand and small amounts of chemicals high-pressure water . Because waste water , and there is a risk of groundwater pollution , shale gas exploitation in many countries has been questioned . In addition, the mining process requires horizontal drilling and 3D seismic exploration techniques require technical expertise and experience . Through the exploitation of perennial North American companies have accumulated a lot of experience , while the other rising star is even less experienced .
Massive shale gas proved changed the global energy landscape , such as the Gulf States , Russia and Venezuela and other traditional oil and gas exporting countries so affected, in addition , Poland, China and other shale gas Rookie right to change regional energy situation will also have an important driving effect. Australia has always been abundant reserves of shale gas exploration has also joined the army , and its sound infrastructure for the domestic shale gas escort, this change will further enhance Australia 's position in international energy map .
Because shale gas revolution, the so-called peak oil theory has ended, new technology brings new resources that will eventually reshape the geopolitical landscape . Although promising ,Proppant many countries also want to try Yueyue , but the challenge is not small. Existing reserves are not recoverable amount , according to local conditions to achieve technological breakthroughs , but also take some time.

China shale gas development should address the various issues

In any case, China  shale gas  revolution has attracted global attention , this is a success. China to promote its domestic energy situation accelerate the exploitation of shale gas . IEA 2010 data show that Chinese traditional oil production is declining , by 2030 , China 's oil demand will be 79% dependent on imports , in order to alleviate this situation , China has increased the pace of unconventional oil and gas exploitation .
According to the Chinese Ministry of Land and estimated domestic shale gas reserves of about 886 trillion cubic meters , but according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that more reserves of about 127.5 billion cubic meters . According to the projections, China shale gas reserves than the United States and Canada combined.Fracturing proppant For shale gas , China has formulated a long-term plan . China's " Twelfth Five-Year Plan" shows that by 2015, China's shale gas production will reach 65 billion cubic meters in 2020 and strive to reach 100 billion cubic meters . By then, shale gas will account for 10 percent of China's energy needs . To achieve this goal, China should increase oil and gas companies shale gas technology and cooperation in the field of research , although currently there has been some progress, but on the development of China's domestic shale gas is limited.
China has classified as independent minerals shale gas , shale gas this decision gave more room for development , because it got rid of the "three oil" control , the introduction of competition, and state-owned , private and foreign companies have the right to participate in bidding.
Chinese state-owned oil and gas companies to increase in recent years in the process of internationalization efforts for all to see , have been established with a number of international oil and gas giant consortium expansion overseas oil and gas industries. China in the international energy market advancement is indicative that it has realized the importance of strengthening overseas operations , especially with the rapid economic development, expanding the scope of business of oil and gas fields has become extremely necessary . As funded by Chinese companies in overseas acquisitions very efficient, especially in North America , CNOOC acquisition of Nixon is a typical success story. China is moving towards large-scale development of shale gas .frac sand Acquisitions allow a better understanding of the international market, China 's shale gas technology and progress , and similarly, shale gas for China a huge market , many international giants have expressed interest . Currently, Royal Dutch Shell , Chevron , Exxon Mobil , BP already Sichuan, Guizhou and other provinces of shale gas geological conditions conducted an investigation.
Future shale gas industry will escort the development of China's economy , but China should face shale gas in the face of various environmental and technical issues to be resolved through positive way , to achieve the harmonious development of resources and the environment .

Tight oil production growth can not be sustained

Dense oil situation is very similar. Two shale oil production up 81% of the nation's tight oil - South Texas Eagle Ford, as well as North Dakota and Montana Bakken.Fracturing proppant These two areas are in the new year well production dropped by about 60% after the second year of production only lasted less than 40% in the third year is less than 30% and continued to fall. Comprehensive old production wells, the whole field is the annual rate of decline of about 40%.
These fields can be used to maximum capacity depends on the maximum number of wells drilled.frac sand companies Can not be separated between wells too close, because it will draw on a reservoir with the reserves, increase costs, but can not increase the amount recoverable. EIA estimates Bakken and Eagle Ford oil can withstand the number of wells, almost three times the number of existing wells, or about 12,000 per oil wells.
Suppose now Bakken annual rate of drilling 1500 wells is maintained, it is expected to yield may rise to 100 million barrels / day. However, based on the Bakken EIA estimated the maximum number of drilling locations, production peaked in 2017.Proppant By then, can be used to drill additional wells will be exhausted, followed by attenuation of 40% annual yield. I do not agree with those who believe that Bakken production will be for many years to maintain a high level of view, this situation required number of wells, the number of more than meet the requirements of thousands of mouth.

Shale gas production is indeed false prosperity

Horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing of this large-scale multi-stage two technological breakthroughs ,hydraulic fracturing has made mining impermeable rocks hidden in hydrocarbons as possible. In 2004, the U.S. level of less than 10% of natural gas wells , now it is 61%.
Globally, although many countries have set up demonstration projects , but most still come from shale gas production in North America . After experiencing a period of rapid growth, since the beginning of 2012 , production has remained at a relatively stable level. Shale gas production has grown from 2000 accounted for 2% of U.S. natural gas production , gas production increased to 2012 nearly 40 percent ; period of U.S. natural gas production grew by 25%. The oversupply led to a sharp drop in U.S. natural gas prices . Currently, the prices have been some slight rebound , but for many no liquid hydrocarbon production capacity of shale gas field , the result of low natural gas prices due to their lack of profitability.
Large-scale shale gas production first began in the Barnett Shale area 10 years ago and quickly spread to other regions.fracturing proppant Five shale gas production 80% of U.S. shale gas production in descending order by : Louisiana Haynesville, East Texas Barnett, across West Virginia , Pennsylvania and New York State Marcellus, Arkansas in Fayetteville, and Oklahoma Woodford.
Currently, there is a specific pattern have occurred . A shale gas field was discovered, one leasing boom ensues. In the United States , given the high oil and gas exploration and development risks and returns , the parties to balance the distribution of benefits and reduce the risks and reduce uncertainty , has long formed the oil and gas lease system . Private , federal or state government landowners , mineral interests in oil and gas resources will be granted to oil and gas developers, and developers have capital and technology , access to such mineral interest in the exploration, development and production. Then it is 3 to 5 years of natural gas boom, because if a given location is no longer producing gas lease sale will be terminated. Shale gas -rich region known as dessert, was first identified and drilling , and then determine its edge region . The average gas quality ( determined by the initial capacity ) to initially rise and then begin to decline.
Since 2010 , the five largest shale gas field in the United States there are four gas fields , the average yield has been declining. In the Haynesville, 2012 , the average yield of almost a third more than 2010 youth . Marcellus is an exception : in this young , huge shale fields , and still continue to be found and mined , its supply is still maintained growth.
A gas well production will decline rapidly within a few years . U.S.  shale gas  in five wells in the first three years after production fell by 80% to 95%. Represented by fitting hyperbolic production decline trend of industry practice , and infer the life of wells can reach 40 years or more, a little too optimistic. Available historical production data up to only a few years , therefore , not enough to be able to have such wells confirmed a long life . As production declines faster than the typical conclusion of these models , this method often overestimated ultimate recovery wells and economic indicators . U.S. Geological Survey assessment of recoverable amount , and sometimes even less than the industry touted recoverable amount of the half.
In order to maintain the supply of new wells must be drilled . In the Haynesville gas well, almost a year need to create 800 wells - almost 2012 the number of gas wells in service 1/3-- to maintain production levels in 2012 . Each well costs about $ 900 million investment , in order to maintain production was essentially flat drilling takes $ 7 billion annually , if coupled with leasing , infrastructure and interest , including the total cost is even higher.
From the United States point of view, this is equivalent to the new 7200 wells per year , spend at least $ 42 billion , they can only offset the decline in production . In order to maintain production to support the lower shale gas prices, drilling ventures can not be completely recovered from sales . In 2012, the U.S. shale gas output value of only 33 billion ( although some wells also produce a considerable amount of liquid hydrocarbon , thereby enhancing the economy ) . For non- production of liquid hydrocarbons shale gas field , even if just to keep ends meet , but also need to increase gas prices .
In order to maintain production of shale gas , the industrial sector needs a lot of money . Over time , the best and the dessert is drilled shale field is completed, maintain the supply costs will rise .Frac sand Many existing shale gas production is not economical , even if only to maintain production , we need higher gas prices , not to mention increase production up .

U.S. shale gas costs are underestimated

"Shale gas revolution" - not previously mined from shale reservoirs shale gas and shale oil - has been as an energy game changer.Unconventional gas It is traditional offset the decline in oil and gas production, including shale gas is treated as a low-carbon future transitional fuel, shale oil (also called tight oil) are considered to be able to make the United States to become the world's largest oil producing countries, and reduce oil imports.
These heady proposition has largely been including the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), including government agencies to accept. BP predicts that by 2030, shale gas production will reach three times in 2011, tight oil production in 2011 will be based on an increase of 6 times.
These claims can not withstand careful scrutiny. By the California Santa Rosa in a "post-carbon institute" report "non-conventional fuels can open a new era of energy abundance do? ", The analysis of the United States, 30 and 21 dense shale gas fields, revealing the shale revolution will be difficult to maintain the reality. The study is based on widely adopted industry and government in the database 65000 Shale wells data.ceramic ball It shows shale and shale oil wells / gas production capacity has emerged as a steep downward trend. Many shale gas production costs have exceeded the current natural gas prices, the need to further increase the drilling and capital investment to maintain production.
While shale gas and tight oil extraction over a longer period of time to maintain a certain level above, but will likely yield more than the industrial sector and the government's optimistic forecast to be low. Unless prices rise significantly, or shale gas supply will decline sharply in the next decade. Around shale gas and tight oil,frac sand companies a more realistic discussion imminent - it needs to be sustainable, cost, and environmental impacts in further analysis.

Shift to saving society

Currently, many discussions have focused on in the end what kind of alternative energy sources should be developed,Hydraulic fracturing as well as in the end should be extended to what proportion of alternative energy. In fact, the more important question is, how to use energy. Must be developed to meet basic human needs, while consuming less energy strategy. In the real energy shortages before the start, it is necessary to take early measures of protection.

About the food system, an understanding that will lead to low energy input of labor increases. Therefore, this change can bring jobs to millions of farmers. In addition, a significant reduction in agricultural production must be adapted to nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides used, because these chemicals are due to fossil fuel prices become expensive.

Transportation system must adapt to mobility generally lower, and is committed to improve energy efficiency.Proppant In the future society, it is possible to rely on walking and cycling, while vigorously promoting the development of electric cars and rail and other public transport.

Reduced mobility need urban design and land use policy changes. Urban communities to be more independent, the city shall be able to provide the adjacent suburbs of agricultural products; roof-mounted solar water heating systems using solar cookers are widely respected.

Solar and wind will produce intermittent electricity. We must build a good power storage system to resolve intermittent problems. Reconfigure the grid and distributed power generation model will solve the problem of intermittent power strategy.

In short, it will be a continuous growth from the transition to a conservation-minded society historical stage. With the control of human energy less and less, may not operate a consumer society.

But suppose this analysis is wrong, there is a miracle of new technologies, or energy ultimately proved to be rich is not scarce, but even so, the amount of energy use will lead to increased consumption of large quantities of natural resources,fracturing proppant resulting in wild nature system damage. The transition to conservation-oriented society conducive human society, and it helps the natural environment.

Improve energy efficiency and economic growth paradox

With population growth and energy scarcity near future per capita energy consumption will be less. Thus, whatever people are drawing a blueprint for a low-carbon or carbon,Ceramic proppant the results are the same, that is used in transportation, agriculture, and home heating and cooling energy is less and less, for the manufacture and use of electronic products increasingly energy less for the construction and maintenance of the city's less and less energy.

Efficiency may help people reduce energy consumption. On how to reduce energy inputs, relevant research has been carried out for decades. As to the present from incandescent bulbs LED lights, lighting electricity consumption decreased by 90%. However, energy efficiency efforts also subject to the constraints of the law of diminishing returns. Can not be in the case of energy, manufacturing and transportation of goods, and each time efficiency are meant to be used even more energy.

Humanity is at a crossroads. Since the industrial revolution, cheap and abundant energy driving the economy is growing, management elite is willing to participate in the discussion of how to develop the economy.

And now, I'm afraid discussions must focus on how to achieve economic contraction. Hard to imagine that politicians promised in campaign speeches to achieve economic crunch,ceramic ball which is tantamount to self-destruct. Original mode of thinking has been ingrained, but sooner or later reality will shatter the dream of the earth's resources endless growth.

Sooner or later, humans had to implement energy conservation policy, which means that you must increase efficiency, using less energy to provide the same service. It also means that you must reduce unnecessary energy consumption, rather than continue to increase demand for energy. Must begin to consider how to meet the basic minimum consumption of resources needs.

If you can plan ahead,frac sand then to a more sustainable, more flexible and less energy consuming sectors of the economy will shift more smoothly.

Structural changes in the international energy impact analysis

If the future of China could overtake the United States rather than just "guest " world's first large country location imported oil ,  shale gas  revolution brought about by changes in the international energy structure will be more far-reaching implications , not only to the new international division of labor, but also affects the layout of industrial ecology and trade and other aspects.

First, the international energy structure changes greatly affected the distribution of the international energy market territory . First, the U.S. position in the international oil market will extend from the demand supply-side direction . Citigroup an analytical report that due to their increase in the amount of shale oil mining , oil and gas production in the United States is now the world 's fastest growing countries , the United States may in the future to achieve " energy independence" ,Ceramic proppant the report even including the United States , Canada, North America , including Mexico, known as the " new Middle East ." Second, with the U.S. foreign oil imports reduced, and many oil-exporting capacity needs through other channels to digest , and absorb the oil exporting countries on China 's surplus production capacity will play a more important role. Third, the pressure on the world's major oil-producing countries are not the same . Now it seems that the U.S. is a major reduction from Nigeria and other countries of the light oil , heavy oil, and for the major export markets of the Gulf countries , the United States still rely heavily on . Because the U.S. dependence on foreign oil decline , the United States is likely to further the future of the existing trading partners to be screened , and for places like Venezuela, the United States "do not like " countries , the United States is also likely to reduce the country 's oil from such imports.
Second, with the development of shale gas on the international energy prices play a role in repression , the United States re-industrialization process will get wheel drive . With the third industrial revolution accelerated process , the U.S. manufacturing sector will largely depend on production efficiency to overcome the disadvantages of scarce labor resources . Meanwhile, the U.S. manufacturing sector will help stabilize energy prices by lowering costs to regain price competitiveness .
Again, will bring new economic growth point , especially with the " shale gas" revolution approaching, the U.S. oil industry once again active. American Gas Association released a study shows that by 2015 ,frac sand companies shale gas on the U.S. contribution to GDP will reach $ 118 billion , about 800,000 Americans will thus get jobs , compared to the U.S. unemployment rate fell 0.5 percentage points.
In addition , the United States leading force in the international energy market opportunities for further strengthening. In the use of financial derivatives speculation , the international speculative capital not only for the energy needs of the United States subject to speculation, but also more energy supply capacity against the United States for speculation . Thus , the international market prices of the long and short of energy conversion pace will be more frequent , will add more uncertainty .

"Super America" ​​behind the structural changes in the international energy

With China's sustained economic development, China's dependence on imported oil for the increasingly high. From December 2012, China's average daily oil imports reached 612 million barrels, while the U.S. average daily volume of imports was only 598 million barrels a level, which is China's first monthly oil imports than the United States. However,frac sand China's oil imports "super beauty" structural changes in the international energy behind it are the background of this layer. In fact, as the U.S. shale gas development on traditional energy substitution effect gradually, U.S. dependence on imported oil will be reduced accordingly.
Although the United States in early 2013, oil imports have overtake China, at this stage can not say China will soon overtake the United States to become the world's biggest oil-importing countries, but the long-term perspective, China's imports of oil trade with the "super-beauty" possibilities. In 2012, the United States purchased from abroad, the total value of crude oil and oil products has dropped to a minimum of 20 years for the average daily volume of imports of 714 million barrels per day. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration forecasts, in 2014 the United States, including crude oil and petroleum products, including average daily net imports will be reduced to 600 million barrels, the lowest level since 1987, Proppant less than half the highest level in history. The same period, China's net imports of crude oil will average 572 million barrels per day, the United States is likely to form a "rear-end." By 2020, China's oil shortfall of 250 to 430 million tons. Since China does not have the massive expansion of oil production capacity to 2020, China's oil imports are likely to cross 300 million tons. If you follow this trend continues, China's oil import real "trend" rather than "temporary" to replace the United States should be a high probability event.
U.S. imports of oil trade position change behind shale gas revolution, and shale gas revolution for the world's energy structure is profound.
On the one hand, shale gas revolution to the world's energy is reflected in the structure of the internal natural gas resources on species composition. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration statistics, in 2007, shale gas in the U.S. natural gas production in the proportion was only 8.1%, and by 2011, this proportion rose to 29.8%.
On the other hand, shale gas revolution, the impact on the world energy mix is ​​reflected in the change in the overall structure. From the International Monetary Fund released statistics difficult to see that in 2008, the U.S. market price per 1,000 cubic meters of natural gas per barrel of West Texas crude oil over the same period the parity of 3.202, while in 2012 it dropped to 1.097. Parity between different energy sources will produce changes in the allocation of resources to follow up the effect, help to improve the efficient and clean energy in the world energy mix proportion.
Shale gas revolution, in addition to improving the energy structure of the world play a catalytic role,fracturing proppant it will inevitably bring "friendly fire" effect. From the development of biofuels in terms of shale gas revolution will increase in large uncertainties in the development of bio-energy, alternative to traditional energy sources are not excluded from the process, the shale gas for bio-energy, it has a certain cost. " intercept "advantage, resulting in non-renewable energy renewable energy reverse exclusion.
In addition to oil and gas resources, in recent years, China's coal import dependence is also rising. Whether increased imports of oil or coal, are inseparable from China directly stimulating economic growth, but also inseparable from the U.S. shale gas revolution brought indirectly with the external environment.Unconventional gas Shale gas revolution, which reduces American dependence on foreign oil, the objective is to promote U.S. oil imports will eventually be the "first" position "so that" to China.

Oil central enterprises enjoy energy security bonus

With the development of world economy and global trade , China's economic security interests would be to expand globally , but it is not a one-way , but intertwined . With the development of technology and new energy industries , energy security ,Unconventional gas oil- changing center of gravity of the situation along with national energy security strategy should adjust , adapt technology and new energy industries decide the future of energy security concept. Current foreign oil dependence has significant energy security benefits, but it is imperative to establish fruitful refined oil market supervision system , to change the government 's functional role , dilute the oil central rate of the industry management functions , enhanced oil central rate of the market role, so that all kinds of ownership of market players equal competition in the oil industry , I believe that it is for the oil industry, the largest gain market-oriented reforms , the minimum cost of strategic opportunities.

Changes in world development trend of the mighty , there can enjoy the endless energy security dividends , oil central enterprises should know that micro-known Akira , rainy day. For example ,frac proppant according to current oil price level , electric vehicles can price , only one-third of the price of gasoline and cleaner energy conversion technology with the development of the existing oil pricing mechanism Paul won, but consumers can not be protected . The author has interviewed Shantou Natsuno General Electric Co., Ltd. Chen Zi Ping , He has a "behavioral energy" concept, and developed for use in remote appliance company to replace the remote company used cooking oil furnace . Technological advances such as this , all the time in the development of the market is changing all the time so now advantage of high oil prices , will one day be transformed into trouble disadvantage. Lenovo recently crazy pass " gas will rise sharply rumors ," NDRC price department "message is completely untrue ," voice hardly ever , Changchun and Handan on raised gas prices . From this perspective, not only oil central enterprises , many local governments are trying to push up gas prices , price increases are keen to grab energy bonus , which is a monopoly of thinking for worship . Why do U.S. gas prices cheaper ? A very important reason is that technological progress , thanks to hydraulic fracturing method of large area applications , the United States has been a large area of ​​shale gas development . Even more interesting is the development of shale gas is not a traditional energy giants , but as Michelle Energy Development Corporation such a small company . Therefore, with a view of traditional energy giant has lost the ability to produce cheap energy , but the author is more inclined to believe that Premier Li Keqiang spoke of " reform dividend" , oil and gas industry is now timely reform , as well as bonus released if missed opportunity,hydraulic fracturing dividends on will become negative price. Implementation of the party 's 18 report China's " economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization," " five one" overall layout , to implement the "State Council institutional reform and functional transformation program " in the oil and gas industries not only need to understand the concept is not confined to the existing pattern of interests , reformers need more courage and solid action .

Of consumer demand for oil is likely to have been at or near peak

As China's economic development,Ceramic proppant the rapid growth of oil consumption , the foreign dependency rising prices of energy management first is the opening price of oil , with international standards, which for the central enterprises to stay out of the oil dividend policy space, and according to market demand to expand imports also supported international oil prices , oil central enterprises achievements of today's market position. What is more important is that , so far, the oil supply to support sustained and rapid economic growth , has made its due contributions. Although the current refined oil pricing mechanism ,ceramic ball a certain sense is to give oil central enterprises bonus mechanisms, such as neglect or even at the expense of oil quality management , ignoring changes in exchange rates and domestic production of some important factors such as low cost , energy security means dividends even more pronounced. From the past to achieve the policy objective of energy security considerations, the existing mechanism is still worthwhile and should be in the affirmative. We should also clearly growing consumer demand and dependence on foreign oil , and the resulting low level of the oil industry market , oil central enterprises endogenous development , lack of motivation and lack of market-based refined oil market supervision system and other issues. From the global oil and strategic economic interests , which the Americans would like to see .

Ten years, international oil prices high, driven by growth in the global oil industry investment boom , so now the international market oil supply. Domestic According to Customs data , the first 4 months of this year , China imported 90.25 million tons of crude oil , down 0.9% , which is apparent oil demand since the first quarter of 2009 after the outbreak of the global financial crisis, down 2% since the second decline ; Meanwhile, a quarter of China's auto sales more than 540 million units,frac sand companies demand for oil pulling power is not small , but still not arrived in oil prices " short side " of energy . According to reports, gasoline and diesel in the first quarter export growth , though not absolute , but it should be oil central enterprises to market changes foresight important signal . There are signs , China's oil consumption demand is likely to have been at or near the peak , enter the inflection point . A quarter of the outbreak of large-scale haze , I had to judge this prolonged decline in oil prices is likely to be a landmark event , it seems a bit unfortunate omen fulfilled .

New energy development is the future strategic high ground.

August 1895, Edwin Drake, Lauren Chambers Colonel Titusville, Pennsylvania in the United States the use of advanced drilling tools to find oil, opened the prelude to the era of human oil consumption.Fracturing proppant 100 years later, in April 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama in Pennsylvania when you visit a wind farm in a speech, pushing the U.S. "energy independence" program, the goal is 10 years, U.S. oil imports by one third. Separated by 100 years, seemingly independent of each other two things, in fact, there is a close internal logic.

The discovery of oil for the United States 100 years to dominate the world oil market upper hand. Experienced the first time, World War II, as a major supplier of oil, the United States certainly knew about oil wars role. But in the two Iraq wars, the digital age of information technology, oil is to determine the outcome of the war is no longer the protagonist, the world will see clearly to Americans of course familiar with mystery. Over the years, oil dollar as another face, as well as the dependence on oil consumption, the United States has been moving towards cheap oil. U.S.  shale gas  revolution reduced dependence on oil consumption, while increasing oil chess Bureau diverted U.S. strategic mobility, low oil prices adversely U.S. new energy industry development, pushing up oil prices rise as China set a higher threshold, etc. . It is obvious that Obama chose the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania, choose to visit a wind farm, and speak about U.S. energy independence subtext is that oil consumption will continue, but increasingly strategic position convergence usual, new energy development strategy for the future ground. At the same time,frac sand the Chinese PV wind power for dual continuously deter speculation and offshore energy carrier channel security, pushing up the price of oil and other resource products to contain China in the oil chess Bureau of Obama's speech is a good comment.

Shale energy industry is a highly competitive industry

Statoil Bakken shale production breakeven point of near $ 60 a barrel, which is approximately the company's portfolio of projects throughout the world average. This means that oil prices also need to drop a large extent,shale gas will let Bakken shale production became unprofitable.

However, if oil prices have more than enough, shale oil production could respond quickly. In the "traditional" and even large-scale offshore oil project, the vast majority of costs are pre-spending: spending to find oil and deployment of mining facilities. Once this is done, the marginal cost of a barrel of oil is quite low.

In the onshore shale oil project,frac sand companies the cost of drilling a well is much lower (possibly $ 10 million, while the cost of a well deepwater offshore projects as $ 100 million), but the rate of decline in production is also much faster, so needs through continuous drilling to maintain production.

If for whatever reason the world economy back into recession, causing oil prices really started to fall significantly, the U.S. economy of shale oil production will be tested.

With the gradual expansion of shale oil industry, it began to get involved in more challenging storage. For example, in North Dakota, mining increasingly concentrated in Sri Fox reservoir (Three Forks formation), which overlaps with the Bakken shale, but the location is deeper.

On the other hand,ceramic ball shale oil operators are also learning more mining methods, while also improving efficiency. Bakken Shale another large manufacturer, American Independent Petroleum Group Hess (Hess) said it has drilled a well in the local cost from $ 13.4 million a year ago fell in the first quarter of $ 8.6 million. Similarly, Continental Resources Inc. to drill a well last year, the average cost is $ 9.2 million, down $ 8.2 million currently intend.

Improve efficiency in response to the deteriorating geological conditions of competition, Horace said he was "quite optimistic that" manufacturers will catch up to the next decade,Ceramic proppant the breakeven price would come down.

He said: "This is a vibrant and competitive industry. Everyone is trying to progress in learning from each other."

The decline in oil prices depends on the rate of decline in mining costs.

The reason why harder than gas oil from shale mined because it is denser and more does not easily flow.Hydraulic fracturing In addition, although these storage are used horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology (shale gas boom rely on these technologies) mined, but shale oil (or more broader category of the "tight oil" (tight oil)) mining costs, may be the most easy to exploit the Middle East crude oil extraction costs more than 20 times.

As long as oil prices near $ 100 a barrel, the U.S. shale oil production profit margins are still very impressive. U.S. independent oil prices Continental Resources Inc.Proppant (Continental Resources) is America's new oil boom hotspots - North Dakota Bakken Shale (Bakken Shale) of the major oil producers. The company said last year that the total cost of a barrel of oil equivalent (including production taxes, depreciation and loss account) of only $ 35. In 2012, the company increased production by 58%, profit growth of 72%.

Many small U.S. oil company situation is similar. Overall, U.S. crude oil production increased by nearly 50 percent so, 500 million barrels per day from 2008 lows in February this year rose to 720 million barrels per day.

Petroleum industry is expected that this growth will continue. For example, Continental Resources Inc.frac sand on the development of production growth to 2017, twice the target.

Statoil (Statoil) is the only one in the Bakken shale has considerable business of international oil companies. The company has developed to the late 2010s when the North American production increased more than twice the target, that is, from today, about 15 million barrels of oil equivalent per day increased to 500,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day, and that the shale oil and shale gas contribution to production or 300,000 barrels a day of oil equivalent or more.

However, the company's vice president of U.S. onshore oil Thor Stein? Horace (Torstein Hole) warned that the expected increase in oil prices has a critical influence.hydraulic fracturing He said: "Our ability to achieve its objectives depends on the market and the production level of profitability."